
Class^ _^^Uill_ 

Book 'Oy3 LK 



OFFICIAL r>0>fAXION. 



DEPAETMENT OF THE INTERIOR-U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
CHAKLKS I). WALCOTT, DIKKCTOK 



T II E 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND FOREST RESERVES 
AND ADJACENT REGIONS 



JOHN ]^. I^KIBERG- 



KXTRACT FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE StTRVEY, 1899-1900 

I'ART V, FOREST RESERVES— HENRY (lANNETT, CHIEF OF 

DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY AND FORESTRY 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
19 



CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE. OREGON. FROM TOWNSHIP 28 SOUTH 
TO TOWNSHIP S7 SOUTH. INULUSIVE; TOGETHER WITH THE ASH- 
LAND FOREST RESERVE AND ADJACENT FOREST REGIONS 
FROM TOWNSHIP 28 SOUTH TO TOWNSHIP 41 SOUTH. 
INCLUSIVE, AND FROM RANGE 2 WEST TO RANGE 
14 EAST, WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN. INCLUSIVE 



JOHN ]{. I.EIBERG 



21 GKOU PT 5 U -'u^» 



APR 13 1905 
D.ofD, 



• « e« 



C iN T E N T S . 



Page. 

Topographical features of the region 219 

Region west of the Cascades 219 

Siskiyou Mountains 226 

Umpqua Mountains 227 

Region east of the Cascades 228 

CHmatic conditions 231 

Western slope 232 

Semiarid region 232 

Subhumid region 233 

Humid region 233 

Eastern slope 234 

Semiarid region 234 

Subhumid region 234 

Humid region 234 

Forest conditions ^ 235 

Species 235 

Geographical distribution 238 

Altitudinal distribution 242 

Forest types 244 

Yellow-pine type 246 

Yellow-pine subtypes 249 

Red-tir type 251 

Red-fir subtyi:)es 256 

Alpine-hendock type 259 

Alpine-hemlock subtypes 263 

The forest as a commercial factor 265 

Amount and-distribution of commercially valuable timber 265 

Age, dimensions, and soundness of the trees 274 

Logging operations 276 

Forest fires 276 

Extent 276 

Time 277 

Origin 278 

After-effects 280 

Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions 293 

Boundaries of Cascade Range Forest Reserve 293 

Character of the region 296 

Detailed descriptions 297 

Township 28 south, range 5 east 297 

Township 28 south, range 6 east 299 

Township 28 south, range 6i east 300 

Township 28 south, range 7 east 301 

Township 28 south, range 8 east 302 

Township 29 south, range 3 east 302 

Township 29 south, range 4 east 304 

Township 29 south, range 5 east 305 

Township 29 south, range 7 east 306 

211 



212 



CONTENTS. 



Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions — Continued. 



Detailed des 
Towne 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Townsh 
Town 
Townsh 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Towns 
Towns- 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Townsh 
Towns 
Townsh 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Towns 
Townsh 
Towns 
Towns 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsli 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 



•riptions — Continued. Page. 

p 29 south, range 8 east 306 

p 80 south, range 2 west 307 

p 30 south, range 1 west 307 

p 30 south, range 1 east 308 

1> 30 south, range 2 east 309 

p 80 south, range 3 east 312 

1^ 30 south, range 4 east 314 

p 30 south, range 5 east 315 

p 30 south, range 6 east 317 

p 30 south, range 6 J east 318 

p 30 south, range 7 east 320 

p 30 south, range 8 east 321 

p 30 south, range 9 east 321 

p 30 south, range 10 east 322 

p 30 south, range 11 east 323 

p 30 south, range 12 east 323 

p 30 south, range 13 east 324 

p 30 south, range 14 east 324 

p 31 south, range 2 west 325 

p 31 south, range 1 west 325 

p 31 south, range 1 east 326 

p 31 south, range 2 east 328 

p 31 south, range 3 east 329 

p 31 south, range 4 east 331 

p 31 south, range 5 east 333 

p 31 south, range 6 east 335 

p 31 south, range 6J east 336 

J) 31 south, range 7 east ' 337 

p 31 south, range 8 east 338 

Y> 31 south, range 9 east 338 

p 31 south, range 10 east 339 

p 31 south, range 11 east 339 

p 31 south, range 12 east 340 

p 31 south, range 13 east 341 

p 31 south, range 14 east 341 

p 32 south, range 2 west 342 

p 32 south, range 1 west 342 

p 32 south, range 1 east 343 

y) 32 south, range 2 east 344 

p 32 south, range 3 east 345 

p 32 south, range 4 east 346 

p 32 south, range 5 east 347 

p 32 south, range 6 east 349 

p 32 south, range 7j east 351 

p 32 south, range 7 east 352 

p 32 south, range 8 east 353 

p 32 south, range 9 east 353 

p 32 south, range 10 east 354 

p 32 south, range 11 east 355 

p 32 south, range 12 east 355 

p 32 south, range 13 east 356 

p 32 south, range 14 east 357 

p 33 south, range 2 west 357 



CONTENTS. 213 

Ca*!(iuU' Kaiigo Forest Reserve and ii<ljaeeiit regicjiis — ("ontiiiued. 

Detailed des(Ti])ti()iis — Continued. Tape. 

Township '.V.\ south, range 1 west 358 

Township 'A'.l south, range 1 east 358 

Township '.V.l south, range 2 east 359 

Townshiji .■{:> south, range 3 east 360 

Township 33 south, range 4 east 361 

Township .33 S( )Uth, range 5 east 362 

Township 33 south, range 6 east » 364 

Township 33 south, range 7i east 366 

Township 33 south, range 7 east 367 

Township 33 south, range 8 east 368 

Townshij) 33 south, range 9 east 369 

Township 33 south, range 10 east 369 

T. iwnshij) 33 south, range 1 1 east 1 370 

Township 3:5 sout li, range 1 2 east 371 

Township 33 south, range 13 east 371 

Townshij) 33 S( )uth, range 14 east 372 

Township 34 soutli, range 2 west 372 

Township 34 south, range 1 west 373 

Township 34 south, range 1 east 374 

Township 34 south, range 2 east 375 

Townshij) 34 south, range 3 east 37t> 

Township 34 south, range 4 east 376 

Township .'U south, range 5 east 378 

Townslii}) 34 south, range 6 east 381 

Township 34 south, range 7i east 383 

Township 34 south, range 7 east 383 

Township 34 south, range 8 east 384 

Township 34 south, range 9 east 385 

Township 34 south, range 10 east 385 

Township 34 south, range 1 1 east 386 

Township 34 south, range 1 2 east 387 

Township 34 south, range 13 east 387 

Township 34 south, range 14 east 388 

Townshij) 35 south, range 2 west ." 389 

Township 35 south, range 1 west 389 

Townshij) 35 south, range 1 east 390 

Townshij) .% south, range 2 east 391 

Township 35 south, range 3 east 391 

Townshij) 35 south, range 4 east 392 

Townshij} 35 south, range 5 east 394 

Townsliij) 35 south, range 6 east 396 

Townshij) .'55 s< )Uth, range 7i east 398 

Townsliij) 35 s( )uth, range 7 east 398 

Townshij) 35 south, range 8 east 398 

Townsliij) 35 south, range 9 east 399 

Townshij) 35 south, range 10 east 4(X) 

Townshij) 35 south, range 1 1 east 401 

Townshij) 35 south, range 12 east 401 

Townsliiji 35 south, range 13 east 402 

Townshij) 35 south, range 14 east 403 

Townshij) 36 soutli, range 2 west 403 

Township 36 south, range 1 west 404 

Township 36 south, range 1 east 404 



214 



CONTENTS. 



Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions — Continued. 
Detailed descriptions — Continued. 



Page. 



Townsli 
Townsh 
Tovvnsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Tovynsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsli 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh 
Townsh; 
Townsh 



p 36 south 
)) 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 36 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 37 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p .38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p 38 south 
p .39 south 
p 39 south 
p 39 south 
p 39 south 
p 39 south 



range 2 east 405 

range 3 east 406 

range 4 east 407 

range 5 east 409 

range 6 east 411 

range 7 a east 413 

range 7 b east 414 

range 8 east 414 

range 9 east 415 

range 10 east 416 

range 11 east 416 

range 12 east 417 

range 13 east 418 

range 14 east 418 

range 2 west 418 

range 1 west 419 

range 1 east 420 

range 2 east 420 

range 3 east 421 

range 4 east 422 

range 5 east 423 

range 6 east 425 

range 7 east 426 

range 8 east 427 

range 9 east 428 

range 10 east 428 

range 11 J east 429 

range 11 east 430 

range 12 east 430 

range 13 east 430 

range 1 4 east 431 

range 2 west 431 

range 1 west 432 

range 1 east 432 

range 2 east 432 

range 3 east 433 

range 4 east 434 

range 5 east 435 

range 6 east 436 

range 7 east 437 

range 8 east 438 

range 9 east 439 

range 10 east 439 

range Hi east 440 

range 11 east 440 

range 12 east 441 

range 13 east 441 

range 14 east 442 

range 2 west 442 

range 1 west 443 

range 1 east 443 

range 2 east 444 

range 3 east 445 



(•(•NTKXTS. tilf) 

Casciuk' Kaii;:o Kort-st Ucscrvf ami adjiicent regions — ruiitimicd, 

Detaili'd ck'scriptioiis — CuntiiUK'd. P«jrt-. 

Townyhii) .St» soiitli, range 4 cast 44."> 

Township ."Wt sontli, range 5 east 44tl 

Townshij) lit* Sdiitli, range (i east 447 

Townshij) liit SDnth, range 7 east 44S 

Township .Si> simth, range H east 44H 

T( )wn9hip .Sl> south, range 5t east 44'.t 

Township 39 south, range 10 east 44it 

Townshiji oil south, range 1 1 i east 4ri() 

Townsliip .'{it south, range 1 1 east 4o(» 

Township :»• south, range 12 east 4r)(i 

Townshij) 39 south, range 18 east 4.t1 

Township 39 south, range 14 east 4.'il 

Township 40 south, range 2 west 4.')1 

T<iwnship 40 south, range 1 west 452 

Township 40 south, range 1 east 453 

Township 40 s( >uth, range 2 east 454 

Township 40 south, range 3 east 455 

Townshi[) 40 south, range 4 east 45t) 

Townshi]) 40 south, range 5 east 457 

T< )wnship 40 south, range <> east 45S 

Township 40 south, range 7 east 459 

Township 40 s( )Uth, range 8 east 459 

Township 40 south, range 9 east 4(iO 

Township 40 south, range 10 east 460 

Township 40 south, range 11 east 460 

Township 40 south, range 12 east 461 

Township 40 south, range 13 east 461 

Township 40 south, range 1 4 east 462 

Townshi]) 40 south, range 14i east 462 

Township 41 south, range 2 west 462 

Township 41 south, range 1 west 463 

Townshij) 41 south, range 1 east 464 

Township 41 south, range 2 east 465 

Townsliip 41 south, range 3 east 466 

Township 41 south, range 4 east 466 

Township 41 south, range 5 east 467 

Township 41 soutli, range 6 east 468 

Township 41 south, range 7 east 469 

Township 41 soutli, range 8 east 469 

Township 41 south, range 9 east 470 

Township 41 south, range 10 east 470 

Township 41 south, range 1 1 east 470 

Township 41 south, range 12 east 470 

Township 41 south, range 13 east 470 

Township 41 south, range 14 east 471 

Township 41 south, range 14i east 471 

Ashland Forest Reserve 472 

Boundaries 472 

<Teneral description 472 

Summary of areal and timber istimates 474 

Summary for Cascade liiingc Fi irest Reserve 474 

Summary for entire region examined 478 

Recapitulatii >n 496 



llLrsTUATloNS 



Page. 

Pi.ATK LXXI. A.shlaiid nheet, Oregon, showing rlassification of lands In atlas. 

LXXll. Klamath sheet, Oregon, showing classification of lands In atlas. 

I.XXIII. A, Smuniit of Siskiyon Mountains, near Sterling Peak. 11, 
Sununit of Unipqua divides, looking northeast from Abbots 

Butte - --<i 

l.XXIV. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of sugar 

pine, noble tir, western hendock, and incense cedar •-'40 

1,XX\'. .1 and B, Yellow-pine type of forest near Johnson Prairie. 

western slope of Ca.scades -46 

I. XXVI. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of re«l fir 

and alpine hemlock -48 

^' LXXVII. A, Yellow-pine type of forest, east side of Williamson River, 
Upper Klamath River Basin. B, Burned yellow pine. Rogue 

River Valley, at)ove Mill (.'reek 250 

"^ LXXVIII. Group of red tirs. Rogue River Valley, near Mill Creek 25l> 

■^ LXXIX. -1 and B, Burned alpine hemlock, noble tir, and lodgepole 

pine, near head of Xorth Fork of Rogue River 276 

LXXX. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of white 

tir - 284 

• LXXXI. .1. Logging tracks and load near Snow, T. 40 S., R. 5 E. B, 

Method used in hauling logs to the logging railroad at Snow. 

T. 40S., R. 5 E 296 

• LXXXI I. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of yellow 

pine and white-bark pine -^20 

' LXXX 11 1. .1, Mount Pitt as seen from west end of Pehcan Bay, Upper Kla- 
math Lake. B, Mount Pitt as seen from Fish Lake 406 

" LXXXIV. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of lodge- 
pole pine 440 

217 



CASrADH RAXOK AND ASTTLAND F( )1{EST RE- 
SKKVE8 AND AlUACKXr REGIONS. 



Hv -lonN B. Leibeiuj. 



TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 

Tho roo-ion discussed in this report consists of a tnict of country in 
the southern portion of the State of Oregon, between longitude Inl- 
and 123^ west, and between hititude 42^ and 43^ 45' north. It contains 
4,676,3(50 acres. It comprises the central and upper areas of the 
Rogue and Khuiiath river basins, together with a small portion of 
the watershed of the Upper South Umpqua River. 

The region is divided into two nearly equal portions l)y the main 
range of the Cascades, which strikes through it in an almost due north- 
south direction. The two regions thus formed, the western and the 
eastern slope, present many very dissimilar characteristics in their 
orographical and general topographical features. 

REGION WEST OF THE CASCADES. 

The orographical features of the region west of the Cascade Range 
arc the backbone and lateral ridges of that range chiefly. supplementcHl 
in the southern areas by portions of the Siskiyou Mountains and their 
northward-projecting spurs, and in the northern districts by the Rogue 
River-Fmpqua divide and its system of southerly laterals. 

The Cascade Range is the principal mountain system. If we may 
judge from rock exposures in the region of the Upper Umpqua 
forks, the central core of the range is a broad, massive axis com- 
posed mainly of porphyry. It is, in most localities, overlain and 
capped by immense deposits of volcanic rocks, lava of various ages, 
pumice detritus, lapilli, and the like. Its sunnnit from Diamond Lake, 
the northernmost point of the region included in this report, to the 
California line is, broadly speaking, a plateau-like area with a mean 
elevation of 6,(KMi feet. Its width varies from nearly 10 miles in the 
region south of Diamond Lake to 2 miles at the head of the Middle 
Fork of Rogue River, and to 4 miles a short distance north of Klamath 
Gap. The summit plateau is capped in many localities by rocky 

219 



220 FOREST EESERVES. 

combs, or is broken by short, steep escarpments, while here and there 
rise from it volcanic cones whose fires have long- since become extinct. 
The slope stretching- westward from the summit consists of a region 
with a mean elevation of 4,000 feet. Like the summit plateau of the 
range, it is covered mostly with volcanic rocks. It is not, however, a 
lava-covered region throughout, as is commonly believed. The west- 
ern sections present many exposures of magnesian rocks and along 
the central areas of Dead Indian Creek these rocks are only very 
thinly covered by lava. The western slope is widely furrowed by the 
numerous canyons which form the Rogue River drainage system. 
The slopes of the canyons are usually steep and rocky, but, with the 
exception of the upper portions of the main Rogue River forks, the 
canyons are of no great depth. Irregular crests and ridges, gen- 
erally of low elevation, separate the various canyons, which occa- 
sionally expand into flats. All of these flats have the appearance of 
having at some period been lake bottoms formed by lava streams 
which temporarily dammed the different drainage channels. 

The entire tract here termed "the western slope of the main range 
of the Cascades" has a width of 35 miles. It rises abruptly, with a 
steep, bold front in the southern portion, and not so steep in the 
northern, from a depression which forms a sort of dividing line 
between the eastern terminations of the Coast Ranges and the Cas- 
cades. The depression is in the form of a valley 4 to 5 miles wide 
along Bear Creek, an affluent of Rogue River. 

In the region under consideration the Cascade Range is cut in two 
by Klamath Gap. The gap is a narrow canyon through which the 
waters of the Upper Klamath region find their way to the ocean. 
In its canyon form the gap commences on the eastern side of the 
range at the point where Klamath River emerges from the marshes 
at the foot of Upper Klamath Lake. The upper portion of the can- 
yon, which is all that comes within the scope of this examination, 
consists of a narrow trough varying from one-third to li miles in 
width and is excavated through a lava formation which evidently here 
is of very great thickness. The slopes of the canyon are steep and 
rocky, and the bottom, in the upper portion of its course, is but little 
wider than the breadth of the stream. A few miles below the point 
where the canyon crosses the southern border of Oregon and enters 
California it attains a width of 2 miles or more. Klamath Gap is 
supposed to have been at some time a powerful factor in modif\-- 
ing the extensions of the flora of the Cascades and the Sierra, but 
the upper portions of the gap are much too narrow in many places 
ever to have formed an effectual barrier against floral migrations or 
extensions. 

Orographically Klamath Gap separates the Cascade Range from the 
northward extensions of the Sierra Nevada. If the gap did not exist 



i.KiBEK<;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESEKVES. 221 

tho soutlicni Ciisciulcs iiiiolit t)(> viewed us constitutinua portion of the 
Sierrti system t^'eolojiieiilly as \v(>ll :is oroirmphieiilly. But so far as 
rock exposures permit iis to form an opinion, it appears that the por- 
phyry axis of the Cascades and the tlaiikinn" deposits of nia<i'nesian 
roi'ks iiave tlieir extensions in tho Siskiyou Mountains and not in the 
Sierras across the gap. 

Tile volcanic character of tiie C'ascadi>s has already been UKMitioncd. 
The summit of the ran*»"e from Mount riiielsen, near the south end of 
Diamond Lake, to tiie southern edge of T. 38 S., is dotted with 
munerous extinct volcanic cones. Some of thiMU are imposing peaks, 
as Mount Thielsen. L'nion Peak, and Mount Pitt, the latter reaching 
a height of It.Ttio feet, or about 4.700 feet ab()\e the plateau summit. 
Other cones, mostly unnamed or locally known generically as •"goose- 
nests." attain elevations of ;■)(»(» feet to 1,:^D(> feet above the general 
summit level of the range. The cones and peaks pi-esc^it \arious 
aspects. The smaller ones, which are the most symmetrical in ap])ear- 
ance, are usually truncated cones with a comparatively shallow centi'al 
depression. Others, like Mount Scott and Mount Pitt, present a sym- 
metrical outline when viewed at a distance, but are found to be of 
rough and irregular shape on close inspection. The more elevated 
cones and peaks have been subject to moderate glacial erosion. sutK- 
ciently intense, however, to modify materially the original outlines of 
the cones. Some appear to have had their vents lateral from the tirst, 
in others, toward the later periods of their existence, fresh craters or 
tissures opened far down on their slopes and as a result huge masses 
of the cone were blown t)ut. 

The cones and peaks are also of dift'erent ages. As one center of 
activity died out another arose some distance away. Some of the 
cones are extremely ancient, their tires quenched ages ago; others 
appear to have ejected volcanic material until within comparatively 
recent times, geologically speaking. From the diflerence in erosion 
between the two classes we may conclude that the smaller and better 
preserved ones are the younger, and that the larger and more eroded 
peaks are the more ancient. It is certain, however, that within 
recent geologic times, after a long period of quiescence, several of the 
larger and older centers of volcanic activity in the range suddenly 
broke out and sent forth great quantities of remarkably rough, highly 
vesicular lava. Kspecially noteworthy in this respect are ]Mount Pitt 
and Mount Bi'own. the latter situated about 4 miles south-southeast of 
the former. Surrounding their liases, and in the region between them, 
are large areas cov(>red with the rough vesicular ty]H' of lava alluded 
to which has been so recently emitted that as yet no vegetation, except 
lich(Mis and mosses, has olitained foothold on the rough aiul barren 
surface of the flows. 

One of the most remai'kalile of tlie volcanic ciMiters in this region 



222 FOREST RESERVES. 

is in T. 8-i S., R. 5 E. It consists of five craters grouped around a 
common center and covering an area of 18 square miles. Its ig-neous 
activity ceased ages ago, but while in operation there were emitted 
from its craters vast masses of a homogeneous type of lava which 
flowed in all directions. It is one of the most ancient igneous centers 
in this portion of the range. 

Several of the extinct volcanoes now contain lakes in the former 
craters. Such is the case in the locality mentioned above, but famous 
above all others in this respect stands Crater Lake. This lake occu- 
pies a deep depression on the summit of the range, nearly circular in 
outline, hence crateriform. The depression is supposed to be due to 
the subsidence of a large peak or cone which formerly existed here, 
or to the rending asunder and subsequent violent depression of the 
peak l)y volcanic eruptions of great energy. 

The ejecta from the volcanoes have been of three general classes, 
namely, lava of various compositions, pumice, and lapilli or small 
fragments of rock which lack the coarsely cellular structure of the 
pumice. Much of the lava has apparently come from fissures, but 
the pumice and lapilli have been forced out through crateriform open- 
ings. In the category of ejecta must also be classed the large quantities 
of brecciated lava which occur plentifully throughout the volcanic 
areas of the western slope. This material can not be traced to any 
crater, but appears to have been forced out through fissures in a 
thick plastic state. In its course to the surface angular fragments of 
rock were torn from the fissured strata through which it was forced. 
These angular pieces of hard rock projecting from the surface of the 
lava by reason of unequal weathering make these brecciated masses con- 
spicuously rough and uneven on their surfaces. While nowhere com- 
prising a ver}^ large area they occur in so many localities that their 
aggregate acreage is considerable. Remarkably hard and barren, and 
usually entirel}' devoid of soil covering, these breccias do much toward 
thinning the average forest stands in the regions where they occur. 

The character of the lava ejected bj^ the proper volcanic vents varies 
greatly. The older lavas usually are hard and massive, but in some 
localities exhibit a short, irregular, thin slat}^ cleavage. The more 
recent lavas, on the other hand, are extremely rough and vesicular. 
Between the two extremes are found innumerable modifications. 

The surface of the pumice deposit varies from a fine, almost ash-like 
detritus, to coarse angular fragments a foot or more in diameter. 
Enormous quantities were ejected from every vent on the range north 
of the southern boundary of township 34, burying deeplv the summit 
and immediate slopes. The pumice deposit extends westward about 
18 miles from the summit of the range. It is, and has been, of impor- 
tance in many ways. It has filled up the crevices and smoothed out 
the asperities of many of the lava fields. It has filled the bottoms 



L..IUEH. .1 CASCADE KANOE AND ASHLAND KESEUVES. 223 

of nuiiiy of tUo viillovs. and lias made larti-c. lovcl, and coiiipara- 
tively fci'tilf tlats wlicrc otherwise would liaxc Ixmmi a narrow. rocUv 
trou.y:h. As a water sjxhil;*' its pi'esent importance is \ei-y <;it'at. 
South of Tnion Peak the pumice is more oi' le>s mixed with lapilli. 
consisting- of i)oi"phyritic rocks. 'rhes(> lapilli a|)i)ear to hax'c heen 
l)lown out partly (hroueh the \(Mit in that peak, and partly throueh 
a luunlter of smaller cones situatecl hetwoen Union Peak and the head 
.of the Middle Fork of Rogue RiviM". Many of these lapilli arc^ so 
little altered by their passage through the throat of a volcano, that the 
iron sulphid(>s. which they contain in great ahunilance, have not even 
l)een d(>sulphuiMzed. The lapilli are exactly similar to the poi-phyrv 
dikes which are found, uncapped by lava, throughout the region of 
the headwatei-s of the South Umpijua River, 30 to 40 miles northward. 

South of the Middle Fork of Rogue River the pumice deposits cease 
or become very thin and scattering. The crest of the range is a mass 
of rough, uneven lava flows, in some places slightly smoothed over by 
deposits of lapilli. which take here the place of the pumice detritus 
farther north. The part played bj' the pumic*^ in smoothing the 
asperities of the lava can nowhere be seen to better advantage than in 
the marked contrast oU'ered by the Cascades sunnnit outside and within 
the pumice-covered area. 

Almost the entire drainage of the western slope finds its way into 
Rogue River. The exceptions consist of a few small streams, mere 
creeks, in the southern areas, which flow into Klamath River. 

The chief forks of Rogue River are the North, the Middle, and the 
South. The afliuents which form the North Fork head partly in tlu' 
Rogue River-Unipqua divide and partly in the Cascades between 
Mount Thielsen and Union Peak. The tributaries of the ^Middle Fork 
head in the region between Union Peak and Klamath Point, while those 
which form the South Fork rise on the slopes of the broad platform 
which skirts the base of Mount Pitt on the north, west, and south. A 
large portion of the drainage from the extreme southern areas tinds 
its way into the main river direct through Bear Creek, Indian Creek, 
the Pig Butte Creek systems, and various lesser tributaries. 

The canyons of the North York which head in the C'ascades rise in 
ridges deeply covered with pumice and in flats which are sometimes 
grassy and marshy. Many of the canyons are deeply excavated in the 
soft and easily transported pumiceous material. In late years extensive 
forest tires have greatly accelerated the cutting process, which in time 
will doubtless transfer most of the pumice covering of the western slope 
of the range to lower levels. Although composed of such soft and loose 
material the slopes of the canyons in the pumice belt stand at a remark- 
ably high angle, so much so that in many localities they ofler an impas- 
sable barrier. The main stream of the North F'ork runs throuidi a 



224 FOREST RESERVES. 

valley which varies in width from three-fourth.s of a mile to 3 miles. 
Primarily, it is not a valley due to erosion, l)ut it was formed l»y the 
direction and position assumed by the different lava flows which have 
covered the region. A long time ago a large portion of the depres- 
sion in which the stream now flows was a lake, made so by a huge lava 
dike crossing the valley near the southwest corner of T. 32 S.. R. 3 E., 
and the northeast corner of T. 33 S. , R. 2 E. In this lake a mass of 
pumice was deposited, which smoothed out the inequalities of the 
original surface of the depression. In process of time the overflow 
from the lake cut through the dike, leaving a series of rapids and falls 
behind. The river began to excavate its channel through the pumice 
material, cutting a trough, which at the present time is 350 to 400 feet 
in depth and is marked by live to six terraces. As the river has eroded 
its bed, various lava dikes and inequalities of the ancient bottom of 
the valley have become uncovered. These have given rise to peculiar 
and interesting narro wings of the stream. Thus in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. 
the entire volume of the river, 150 to 250 feet in width and having a 
depth of 7 to 1) feet, in the early summer stage of flow, is forced 
through a rocky cleft 5 to 6 feet in width. Similar places occur in 
the channel of the stream in T. 31 S., R. 3 E. The falls and narrow- 
ings in the North Fork of Rogue River form insuperable obstacles to 
log driving. 

The canyons of the Middle Fork head partly in pumice-covered 
tracts, partly in rocky glaciated areas. There commonly exists at 
their heads one or several small marshy or sedge-covered glades. 
Three principal tributaries form the Middle Fork. The one farthest 
south heads in a group of small lakes; the middle one has its rise in 
a series of large springs, numbering several hundred, which suddenly 
burst out from under a lava cliff. The character of the canyons 
of these tributaries of the Middle Fork is determined mostly by 
the position and thickness of the adjacent lava flows. For example, 
in the case of the southern affluent of the Middle Fork the canyon 
wall south of the stream is formed by a steep ridge of lava, which 
rises 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the stream, while on the north the 
canyon wall is a series of low, rocky terraces, ending in wide flats 
or in low ridges of easy slope. The main channel of the Middle 
Fork lies across a level, or nearh^ level lava sheet. The stream has 
made a clean cut 400 to 500 feet in depth through the lava, forming a 
canyon of this depth with nearly perpendicular slopes. The channels 
of the Middle Fork and its affluents are littered with large bowlders, 
and are broken by falls and rapids near their heads, rendering them 
unsuitable for log driving. 

The drainage system of the South Fork of Rogue River consists 
chieffy of one large canyon which heads in the northern base of Mount 
Pitt. It is narrow and rocky throughout its entire length, and is 



uFAmiKc] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 225 

deeply sunk l)otwoon stoop, rouoli l:i\ii flows, Noar its hoiid tho caii- 
yoii widoiis ill a few places and eoritaiiis several lakelets one of which 
is l.V miles ill Iciintli and 350 to 400 yards in width. 

Aniono- the streams which How directly into the main channel of 
Koi^ue Kiver the Bi^• liiitte and the Little Butte are the most note- 
worthy. The former heads in the western and soutiiern ai'oas of the 
l)ase of Mount Pitt. Its various trilmtaiies are fed l>y larjj;-e spriuj^.s 
which issue from luMioath the lava liehls that surround the peak. Its 
eoui'se lies partly thi-oueh canyons which here, as elsewhere in the 
roijjion. are fashioned, as to tiieir depth and chai'actor of slope, more 
1)\' the conlieiiration of the inclosing- lava flows than l>v the efleet.s 
produced tty sti-eam erosion, and partly throueli series of hroad flats, 
which fui'iiish »i-ood u-iazin>i- and ae-ricultuial faciliti(\s. 

Little Butte Creek heads partly in tho southi'rn base of Mount Pitt, 
and partly in a series of large Hats in T. 37 8., K. H E. The largest of 
the northern affluents has as its reservoir Fish Lake, a shallow sheet of 
clear, cold water 4 to 5 feet in depth, 2 miles in length, and 400 to 500 
yards in width. Its water level, apparently not suljject to mueh \ari- 
ation, is maintained bv huge springs in the northeast corner, which 
issue from under the mass of recent lava between ]\Iount Pitt and 
Mount Brown. The outlet of Fish Lake is through a narrow l)ottom 
inclosed by l)anks 75 to 80 feet in height. It could readily be tran.s- 
formed into a large reservoir. Little liutte Creek, although a small 
stream, is of importance from the circumstance that its waters are 
largely diverted for purposes of iri-igation in the Rogue River Plain. 

The drainage which reach(\s Klamatii River from the southern areas 
flows mostly l)y way of Spencer and »Ienny creeks, both small streams 
of little importance. 

Portions of the summit of the range and tho western slope owe 
some of their to[)ographic features to glacial erosion. In the pumice- 
covered areas glacial action was either feeble or altogether wantinor, 
except on the highest summits, or the efi'ects of glaciation. if it did 
occur, are hidden under the pumice. Where the pumice thins out, a 
few miles south of Klamath Point, the evidence of glacial action is 
more apparent. The summit of the range and the eastern slope pre- 
sent hei-e the most conspicuous evidences of the presence of glaciers. 
On the western slope the evidence is nuich more apparent. The ice 
tore out the rims of many of the craters and scooped out many little 
depressions in the l)road lava fleld which lies between Mount Pitt and 
the head of Cherry Creek, on the eastern side of the range. These 
depressions have filled with water and now are lakes. In other places 
the ice flowing down from the summit of the range excavated deep 
channels on the eastern side and spilled its load of drift blocks and 
gravel at the mouths of the canyons opening on the edges of Upper 
Klamath Lake. But. on the whole, with the exception of the region 
21 CEOL, IT 5 15 



226 FOREST KESERVES. 

contoring- around the group of five craters previously described, glacial 
erosion was feeble throughout the Cascades in this region. It is difli- 
cult to understand why glaciation was so much more active in the 
region contiguous to this group of craters than elsewhere. The 
thickness of the ice sheet here must have been many hundreds of 
feet, and it must have existed for a long time. In its descent to lower 
levels it excavated a channel 1,000 feet in depth, which now forms the 
canyon of Cherry Creek. All of the rocks over which it passed are 
deeply marked with straight, broad grooves. 

SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS. 

The area of the Siskiyou Mountains described in this report com- 
prises 400 square miles, the greater portion of the range lying outside 
the limits of the present examination. 

Orographically the range forms a connecting link between the Coast 
Ranges and the Cascades. In T. 40 S.. R. 3 E., it swings out from the 
Cascades in a westerly direction with a narrow, sharp curve, its por- 
phyries and serpentine rocks coming to the surface from beneath the 
lavas of the western slope of the Cascades. The inner or northerly 
curve of the range presents a bold, steep, terraced front. The outer 
or southerly curve slopes away with a more gradual descent toward 
the Klamath Valley. 

Where it leaves the Cascades, the crest line has an elevation of 
5,200 feet. It is here a narrow backbone flanked by regions of 
extremely irregular surface. Sharp, narrow ridges set off b}^ conical 
elevations and alternating deep saddles, with numerous intersecting 
ravines and canyons, constitute the relief of the upper slopes of the 
range in this locality. In T. 40 S., R. IE., the crest line rises to a 
height of 7,662 feet in a rocky elevation known as Siski\^ou Peak or 
Ashland Butte, a prominent landmark for the surrounding region. 

From Siskiyou Peak westward the summit of the range is narrow, 
seldom widening to 400 j^ards, often a mere hogback a few feet in 
width. The northern slope for the first 2,000 or 3,000 feet from the 
summit is steep and abrupt, and the southern slope differs but little 
in its gradients. The central mass of the range here, as where it 
leaves the Cascades, is composed of old eruptive and metamorphosed 
rocks, porphyries, serpentine, and granites. The lowest northern 
slopes are largely made up of talcose slates having a thinly laminated 
structure and resting on granites and porphyries. The volcanic cones 
and vents and the great lava flows and pumice deposits which are the 
predominant features in the geology of the Cascades in this region 
are absent from the Siskiyou Mountains. 

The streams flowing from the range lie in deep canyons whose origin 
appears to be due chiefly to the erosive powers of water and ice. 



V. '• rroLor.icAL fiunvr 



TA-r-;''v.rin<;T a-.mi.'.- r-rpoflT rAriT V TL L'tlll 




i : .4t:^, 






.?^ ! > 



"'^JSMJV***^ 






.^_> 




,1. SUMMIT OF SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS, NEAR STERLING PEAK 




U. SUMMIT OF UMPQUA DIVIDES, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM ABBOTS OUTTE. 



LKiBEKo.l CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 227 

Most of tlio liirj^or canyons pi-cscnt clear evidences of the fonner 
existence of t^laciers. Especially is this tln^ case with the upper ])or- 
tioii of the canyons which head in Sterlin*^ Peak, where the streams 
have not yet i-enioved or smoothed out the lateral and terminal 
moraines which rouuhen the bottoms of the valleys (PI. LXXIII. J). 

The streams usually rise in j^rassy glades; at least such is the rule 
with those that head in the main range. Most of the glades arc small 
in extent; but a few of those which form the heads of the larger allu- 
ents of Beaver and Humbug creeks, on the southern slope, each con- 
tain several hundred aei'es. 

The canyons which drain the northern slopes occasionally widen in 
their lower portions and ati'ord considerable tracts of agricultural and 
meadow land. 

In this region the northern spurs of the Siskiyous stretch north- 
ward to a distance of 20 miles from the main range. They parallel 
the steep front of the western slope of the Cascades, from which they 
are separated by a strip of semiarid valley consisting of the basin of 
Bear Creek, a tributary of Kogue River. 

UMPQUA MOUNTAINS. 

The Umpqua ^Mountains comprise a wide strip of rough and rugged 
country between the Rogue and Willamette rivers, and form the drain- 
age basin of Umpqua River. The examination extended only to a 
portion of the system which forms the divide l)etween the upper 
reaches of the Rogue and South Umpqua rivers, comprising 350 square 
miles. 

The divide, so far as the examination went, consists of a porphyry 
axis branching out from the Cascades in T. 28 S., R. 5 E., a little 
north of the south end of Diamond Lake, an extinct volcanic cone 
known as Old Bailey Mountain marking the point of departure. Its 
course is in a general westerly direction. Here and there, along the 
crest and tlanks of the divide, the porphyries, more or less altered by 
volcanic heat, come to the surface. Generally, however, the more 
ancient rocks are covered up by deposits of the more recent Cascade 
lavas, but the blanket of lava is not so thick as along the western slope 
of the Cascades, except near the angle of junction with this range. 
Most of the deposits of lava appear to have tlowed from local fissures, 
except wdiere the divide joins the Cascades. At this point volcanic 
cones, similar to those which occur elsewhere in that range, make their 
appearance. 

The summit of the divide is in most places a narrow crest, a mere 
hogl)ack a few feet in width. Abbots Butte is, however, an excep- 
tion. This elevation is situated directly on the main divide, but instead 
of being a narrow crest it is a l)road, termced volcanic mass level 



228 FOREST EESERVES. 

on its summit. Altornatino- deep saddles, where streams head and 
flow in opposite directions, and high, rocky, precipitous elevations 
make up the crest line (PI. LXXIII, B). 

The streams Howing from the range lie in deep canyons. Near their 
sources the slopes are steep and frequently nearly perpendicular. At 
the heads of the larger streams usually are small glades, while narrow 
stretches of level land exist here and there along the lower courses of 
the canyons, particularly along those which flow into Rogue River. 

The general basin of the South Umpqua is a broad east- west depres 
sion, with its bottom consisting of a multitude of small canyons and 
comparativel}^ low ridges, the whole inclosed between high, rough 
dividing ranges. The landscape is remarkably different from that 
which characterizes the drainage basins elsewhere on either slope 
of the Cascades in this region. On viewing it in its entirety one 
receives the impression that the area constitutes one of the primal 
drainage basins in the Cascades, one which was not affected by volcanic 
outbursts to the same extent as were the other adjacent areas, but 
remained comparatively free from the great outpourings of lava which 
so often in the past changed the aspect of other areas on the western 
slopes of the Cascade Range. 

REGION EAST OF THE CASCADES. 

The eastern slope of the Cascades presents a sharp contrast to the 
features which distinguish the western declivities of the range. This 
is mostly due to the abrupt rise of the mountains and consequent short- 
ness of slope. From T. 36 S. northward to the extent of the present 
examination the distance from base to summit of the range in an air 
line is from 6 to 10 miles, as compared with a general average of 30 
miles on the western side. South of township 35 the main range is 
separated from the plains'" level by a short intermediate mountain mass 
of volcanic origin, which fills Ts. 37, 38, and 39 S., R. 6 E., with a 
great number of rough and rocky ridges. 

The declivities of the eastern slope are generally steep, rocky, and 
irregular, or somewhat terraced lava flows. North of T. 36 S. pumice 
deposits have smoothed out a great many of the lesser asperities. In 
T. 28 S., Rs. 6 and 6i E., there is a broad, very gentle slope from the 
plains' level to the summit of the Cascades at the south end of Diamond 
Lake, forming one of the easiest passes in the range. The pass leads 
to the head of the North Fork of Rogue River. 

The canyons on the eastern slope are of two general classes: (1) short 
and straight canyons, with abrupt slopes and descents; (2) longer can- 
3^ons with an oblique direction in their relation to the course of the 
main range, where they possess a more easy and gentle gradient. The 
short and straight canyons are chiefly canyons of erosion. At their 
openings there is commonly piled up a mass of bowlder drift. The 



LEiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 22'.) 

othor vjirioty consists of clrprcssioiis due to the position and course 
taken l)y the inclosino^ lava masses in wliicii the streams sometimes 
liaM' (III deep socondary canyons and tforii-es. Anna Creek, in Ts. :;i 
and :>2. H. ♦! E., furnislies an example of the latter kind: wliilr Three- 
mile. Cherry, and Hock ci-eeks. in Ts. lU and :'>;-). R. C Iv. arc of the 
fornu>r type. 

The r(\L>-ion to the east of the ('ascades forms, so far as oui- limits 
yo. the iippei- drainage basin of Klamath River. The orooraphical 
features of the reoion consist of: (1) the Klamath-Deschutes divide; 
(2) many volcanic ridges of vaiyini!: altitude, which are more or less 
c<»nnected. some of which intersect the basin in a north-south direc- 
tion, while others intersect in an east-west direction. 

The Klamath-Desi-hutes divide branches out from the Cascades 
approximati'ly in T. 2(5 S., R. 7 E. It swing-.s around to the south- 
ward and constitutes a span l)ridiiing Klamath (Jap. The ridge is of 
volcanic origin, is extremely ancient, and may at some past time have 
been of much greater altitude. If so it would constitute a sort of 
highway foi- migrations of animals and i)lants from the northern 
Si(n-ras to the Cascad(\s, and vice versa. 

The volcanic character of the ridges which intersect the Klamath 
drainage basin in this region has already been alluded to. Some of 
these ridges have been built up around volcanic vents, others are 
irregular masses whose origin perhaps is to be sought in earth fissures. 
The entire basin seems originally to have been a plateau area. The 
lava outflows inclosed many flats, which in time l)ecame lakes. ]\Iost 
of these lakes have been drained by their waters cutting channels 
through the lava dams. Others are in various stages from marshes 
to shallow lakes. 

Extinct craters abound. Some formed parts of long ranges, or 
rather were the centers from which flowed long streams of lava. Such 
are Yamsay Peak, Swan Lake Point. Fuego Mountain. Yainax Butte, 
and various unnamed craters in the Black Hills. Others occur as 
isolated conical hills scattered throughout the region. Some of the 
lava flows which came from these vents spread out over the region in 
\ast, flat sheets, others are heaped up in ridged and terraced masses. 
The igneous activity in the basin is not yet altogether quenched. The 
hot springs in the southei'n areas, which frequently lie in long lines, 
indicate that th(M-e are many pressure lines and Assures which are not 
yet closed. 

The northern area and nuich of the central are covered with a laver 
of pumice. Some of tln> pumice came from vents in the Cascades, 
much of it was ejected from craters in the basin, notably from 
those in the Yamsay Range. Near the Cascades the pumice deposit 
undou])tedly is very thick. In the eastern and southeastern areas of 
the basin it is thin, in some ])laces not more than 4 to 8 feet in thick- 
ness, much of it evidently ha\ ing l»een washed awav. 



230 FOREST RESERVES. 

The plain or depression which stretches along the base of the Cas- 
cades in this region is comparative!}^ narrow, varying from 10 to 15 
miles in width. It consists of two distinct terraces, a northern and a 
southern, the former elevated about 400 feet above the latter. The 
terraces connect through the valleys of AVilliamson and Sprague rivers 
with the terrace or plain which borders the central areas of Sprague 
River. Through the valley of Sycan River the Sprague River terrace 
connects with the lesser level areas which form Sycan Marsh and 
adjacent regions. The connection between each of these terraces is 
invariably through a stretch of narrow canyon which represents a cut 
through a lava flow. 

The southern terrace in front of the Cascades comprises the basins 
of Upper Klamath Lake with the adjoiiiing marshes, together with a 
portion of Lower Klamath Lake and a level valley area along the 
lower portion of Lost River. This terrace contains 450 square miles 
and extends from the northern line of T. 33 S. to the Oregon-Cali- 
fornia line. 

Upper Klamath Lake is mostly a shallow body of water. It is a 
lake chiefly because the lava flows at its foot and at the point near 
Plevna where Klamath River leaves the marshy areas have not been 
cut down sufiiciently to drain the lake. If the falls in Klamath River 
were lowered a few feet the greater portion of Upper Klamath Lake 
would become dry. 

The upper terrace is separated from the lower by a broad, thick 
lava flow^ which stretches from northwest to southeast, and possil^ly 
may have come from Mount Scott or adjacent craters. The lava flow 
created a large lake, of which all that remains is Klamath Marsh, most 
of its area having been drained by the Williamson River cutting a 
canyon through the lava flow at a point 8 miles east of Fort Klamath. 
The upper terrace stretches northward to the Klamath-Deschutes 
divide. Eastward it extends to the foot of the Yamsay Range, which 
it follows southward along the western base to the head of Williamson 
River. 

The pumice covering both on the upper and on the lower of these ter- 
races was deposited when they were deeply covered with water. The 
present smoothness of their surface, only roughened by ancient beach 
lines along higher levels and by the courses of modern streams, proves 
this. Some of the pumice appears to have been thrown out as flne 
particles. Much of it came as large, coarse fragments or bowlders a 
foot or more in diameter. 

The S3a"an terrace is situated east of the Yamsay Range and has an 
elevation of 5,000 feet. It likewise was a lake in past geologic times. 
It was formed b}- a lava flow which came from a crater, now extinct, 
situated in the Fuego Range. S3^can River has cut through the 
obstruction, the lake has been drained, and a swampy tract known as 
Sycan Marsh now remains. 



i-EiiiERc] CASCADE RANtSE AND ASHLAXD RESERVES. -J.'U 

Tlie Sprai^iu' liivcr ternK-c consists of an area Ijordcrliiof S|)rai,»'iie 
Kivt'r wcstwaid from the junction of its main forks. It covers 
an area of 2>i(» siiuai'c miles. As in the cas«' of the othei- terraces, the 
Spi'aii'ue Ki\'erarea was once a lake bottom. The lake owed its nrii^in 
to a lava llow from the volcanic centers near Swan Lake I'oint. Miicii 
of this terrace has l>een denuded of its pumice coxcrin*:- and the under- 
lyinii" roui^h la\"a is l)rou>:ht to view or it is coverecl with jj^ravel and 
small bowlders. The terrace is a semiarid ree-ion. 

Here and there throughout tiie entire I'pper Klamath Basin are 
seattercHl smallei- terraces or flats more or less completely surrounded 
by thick la\a Hows. One of the lar^-er is Swan Lake ^'alley, This is 
a level trad inclosed by la\a flows which came from Swan Lake Point. 
It is remarkal)le for a thick deposit of diatomaceous earth, which 
underlies tiu> entire fiat at a depth of a few feet. 

Tile hit^her points in the region show marks of light glaciation. t)ut 
the terraces and flats show no clear evidences of the scoring or wear- 
ing ert'ects of ice. Here, as in the Cascades, the smoothness of the 
pumice deposits proves either that glaciation preceded their deposi- 
tion or that the region has not at any time been subject to the action 
of ice. Tlie removal of the pumice down to the underlying lava on 
the Sprague and Sycan terraces is due to local etifects of drainage. 

The streams in the region flow mostly in shallow canyons. The 
exceptions are at the points where thej^ have cut their way through 
lava flows stretching across their courses. Some of the streams, such 
as Sprague River, have excavated their beds to a depth of 20 to 80 
feet below the general level of the terrace through wiiich they flow% 
and have one or two narrow benches in their troughs to mark the 
stages of the erosive process. Owing to the volcanic nature of the 
region and the numerous Assures in the lava bed rock a great manv 
of the streams flow irregularly. Manv of them sink and disappear, 
only to be forced to the surface at some other point. Williamson 
River and, in part, Sycan River head in large springs whiih suddeidy 
burst out with great force from under thick masses of lava of the 
Yamsay Range. Such is also the case with Crooked River and Fort 
Creek, streams near Fort Klamath, and with many other lesser creeks. 

CLIMATIC < ()NDITIOX8. 

Broadly stated, the general climatic features, as regards precipita- 
tion, may l)e referred to two classes: first, areas with an abundanc(> of 
precipitation: and. second, areas characterized by semiaridity. or a 
low ratio of rainfall. The former are characteristic of the western 
slope of the Cascades, the latter of the eastern. l)ut the range is 
by no means a strict dividing Iin«' in all cases, as areas possessing 
either feature are found on both sides of the rantre. 



232 FOREST RESERVES. 

Loftil conditions modify the precipitation. The chief of these exists 
in the relief of the region, and altitude is the more prominent factor 
here. We thus have on the western slope true semiarid conditions in 
the low-lyino- valle3^s, and on the eastern slope, at hig-h elevations, 
decidedly humid ones. Both the western and eastern slopes may, 
therefore, be divided into semiarid, subhumid, and humid belts. 

WESTERN SLOPE. 
SEMIARID REGION. 

Areas of this character occur here under two aspects: first, those 
naturally semiarid; and, second, such as have assumed this condition 
through the agency of man. 

The lirst of these have their origin in the relief of the country, and 
possibly in slow climatic changes taking place over the entire western 
slope of the Cascades and connecting ranges along the coast. They 
are permanently semiarid, and, if the climatic hypothesis be true, they 
are gradually enlarging their area. 

The second, induced through conditions created by the agency of 
man, probably are only of temporary duration. 

The larger naturally and permanently semiarid tracts on the western 
slopes of the Cascades in this region consist of: (1) the area of depres- 
sion situated between the spurs projecting northward from the region 
around Siskiyou Peak and the terminations of the western spurs of the 
Cascades; (2) the areas embraced in the lower and middle slopes on 
the western spurs of the Cascades, where they front on the above- 
described depression; (3) a considerable tract among the Siskiyou 
spurs fronting on North Fork of Applegate Creek; and (4) areas 
bordering Rogue River in Ts. 35 and 36 S., Rs. 2 and 1 W. and 1 E. 

The annual precipitation on these tracts probably does not exceed 
15 inches. They are all characterized by having a small amount of 
arboreal vegetation, mostl}" confined to the banks of the water courses. 
They carry scattered copses of black oak {Quercus californica) and 
white oak {Q. garryana)^ interspersed here and there by stands of 
frutescent or, rarely, arborescent madrona {Arbutus menziesii)^ and 
with dense thickets of brush largely composed of chaparral ( CeanotJius 
ciineatns). 

The lowest elevation of the semiarid tracts is approximateh^ 1,600 
feet. From this level the curve of semiaridity rises to a height of 
4,000 feet on the terminal declivities of some of the western spurs 
of the Cascades, as, for example, on the southwestern slopes of the 
Grizzly Range north-northeast from Ashland, and to 4,800 feet on 
various of the Siskiyou spurs bordering Applegate Creek. Where 
the curve of semiaridity crosses the Siskiyou main range and connects 



LEiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. -J-Ki 

with the stMuiarid iv^ioii northwost of Mount Shastii. throucrh canyons 
and over low r'uU^es cast of Pilot Knol). it rises to altitudes of »;,00(i 

foet. 

There are no points in this roo-ion where the semiarid tracts west of 
the Cascades join those situated east of the ran((e. Not even throu«,di 
Klauiath (lap is there a wholly uninterrupted connection: for Kla 
math (Jap, where the river ))reaks through the orofrraphic l)ackl.(.iie 
of the Cascades, lies in a r(\sri<>n that nuist be classed as subhuiuid at 

least. 

The tracts on which a condition of temporary semiaridity has l)een 
artificial ly induced consist chiefly of old or recent l)urns in the for- 
ested sulihuniid areas. They are scattered over the entire slope, hut 
are most numerous and of larofest extent in Ts. 31, 3:^, 33, 34, and 3.") S.. 
K. -I- E., where they collectively cover an area of 50,000 acres. It is 
impossible to say w"ith absolute certainty that the tracts just mentioned 
are semiarid as a temporary condition only. They are slopes and 
sunuuits denuded of their forest covering forty or forty-live years ago 
through the medium of severe fires. They are now covered with 
brush growths composed of species characteristic of semiarid lands, 
and their aspect is exactly like that of the semiarid chaparral slopes 
of California. Areas having similar characters, but not so large, occur 
in Ts. 38 and 39 S., Rs. 4 and 5 E. There is at least an even chance 
that such tracts will not again reforest, in which event they will con- 
stitute evidence proving the northward advance of the arid conditions 
prevalent in the regions farther south. 

SUBHUMID REGION. 

The subhumid region includes the slopes and summits of the Sis- 
kiyou. Umpqua. and Cascade ranges, between elevations of 3,000 and 
»),000 feet, with the exceptions detailed under semiai-id tracts. The 
annual precipitation is unknown to me, and there are probably no data 
available as to the quantity. The forest growth indicates froni 35 
to 50 inches, according to elevation. The region is characterized 
throughout by forested areas with stands of timber varying from 
moderately heavy to dense. 

lll'MID REGION. 

The humid region comprises slopes and summits above the O.OOO- 
foot contour. The annual precipitation is unknown to me, but it 
certainly reaches considerably above 50 inches. Thc^ lower portions 
carry forests similar to those which occur on the higher tracts of the 
sul)humid slopes; the higher l)ear subalpine growths of trees and 
other vegetation, with here and there a peak projecting above the 
limit of trees. 



234 FOREST RESERVES. 

EASTERN SLOPE. 
SEMIARID REGION. 

Tho somiarid lands east of the Cascades in this region occur chiefly 
in the interior of the Klamath Basin. They just touch the eastern 
base of the range in Ts. 39 and 40 8., Rs. 8 and 9 E. They stand in 
intimate relationship with areas of like character south beyond the 
eastern Oregon border through various valleys and depressions, such 
as Lost River and its tributaries. Their extension northward ceases 
on the Sprague River terrace. They are characterized by the growth 
of various desert shrubs and by the occurrence of scattered small 
stands of western juniper. 

With the exception of the tracts mentioned as occurring in town- 
ships 39 and 40, none of the areas at the immediate base of the Cascades 
can now be considered as truly semiarid. But the region comprised 
within the limits of the Klamath Marsh terrace shows decided ten- 
dencies in that direction. The leaning toward semiarid conditions is 
there shown by deficient reforestation of burned tracts in the lodgepole- 
pine stands, and the evident tendency of such places to become covered 
with a growth of desert shrubs or grasses in place of the former 
forest. 

The semiarid tracts of the Klamath Basin east of the Cascades com- 
prise in the aggregate, so far as they come within this region, 800 
square miles. The annual precipitation is about 15 inches. 

SUBHCMID REGION. 

The larger portion of the area in the Upper Klamath Basin is dis- 
tinctly a subhumid one. Without knowing the actual precipitation 
in the region, its actual status on this point is therefore more or 
less guesswork, but, judging from the density of forest growth, I 
would place it at the same horizon as in the areas between the 3,000- 
and 4,200-foot contours along the fronts of the western spurs of the 
Cascades — that is, 25 to 35 inches per annum. The subhumid condition 
becomes possible only by reason of the numerous ridges scattered 
throughout the basin, which give to much of it a mean altitude of 
between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. 

The areas are characterized by extensive stands of forest of medium 
density with a vigor of growth not inferior to that possessed by simi- 
lar stands west of the Cascades. 

HUMID REGION. 

The strictly humid areas are of small extent. They are limited to 
tracts along the main range of the Cascades and to the high peaks of 
the Yamsav and Gearhart ranges in the interior regions of the basin. 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 235 

They are chanicterized l)y moderate, light, or very thin stands of for- 
est of subalpine types and by the low, shrubby, and herbaceous vege- 
tation belong-ing to tracts of high altitude in tliis region. 

I have no temperature data for any portion of the region either west 
or east of the Cascades. None of the high peaks have a permanent 
snow line on all sides. On the summit of Mounts Pitt and Scott there 
is commonly some snow on the northern slopes throughout the year. 
Occasionally, deep drifts in shady ravines on the other slopes persist 
through the summer, but the rule is that southern and western expos- 
ures on even the highest peaks are free of snow during a portion of 
the year. 

FOREST CONDITIOT^^S. 

SPECIES. 

The forest is overwhelming!}' coniferous. This is especially the 
case on the areas east of the Cascades, where broad-leaved species 
of trees form but a fraction of 1 per cent of the forest stands, and 
where two conifers, the 3^11ow and the lodgepole pine, together con- 
stitute 88 per cent. West of the Cascades broad-leaved trees occur 
more plentifully, forming, on a numerical basis, about 6 per cent of 
the entire forest; and while among the conifers two species, the 
yellow pine and the red fir, particularly predominate, there is also a 
wider range of ratios among the balance than is found on the eastern 
side of the range. 

The following species of coniferous trees form the sylvan elements, 
and in many and varied ratios and groupings make up the forests and 
its component types: 

Coniferous trees in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent territory, Oregon. 

yellow pine Pinus ponderosa. 

Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana. 

White pine Pinus monticola. 

White-bark pine Pinus albicaulis. 

Lodgepole pine Pinus murrayana. 

White fir Abies concolor, including transitional 

forms to the northern Abies 

grandis. 

Amabilis fir Abies aniabilis. 

Noble fir Abies nobilis. 

Alpine fir Abies lasiooarpa. 

Red fir Pseudotsuga mucronata. 

Incense cedar Libocedrus decurrens. 

Alaska cedar Chaina'cyparis nootkatensis. 

Western hemlock Tsuga mertensiana. 

Alpine hemlock Tsuga pattonii. 

Engelmanr spruce Picea engehnanni. 

Pacific ye\\ Taxus l^revifolia. 

Westei'n juniper Juniperus occidentalis. 



23() FOREST RESERVES. 

Ainono- the various .species of broad-leaved trees the following are 
abundant enough to become conspicuous factors in the forest: 

Broad-leaird trees in Cascade Range Reserve ami adjacent territory, Oregon. 

California black oak Quercus californica. 

Pacific post oak Quercus garryana. 

Madrona Arbutus menziesii. 

Oregon ash Fraxinus oregona. 

Oregon maple Acer macrophyllum. 

Red alder Alnus oregona. 

INIountain mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius. 

Birch-leaf mahogany Cercocarpus betuloides. 

Golden-leaf chinquapin Castanopsis chrysophylla. 

Oregon crab ^Nlalus rivularis. 

Aspen Populus tremuloides. 

Balsam Populus balsamifera. 

' Black Cottonwood Populus trichocarpa. 

Pale elder Sambucus glauca. 

In addition to the species enumerated there occur various kinds of 
willow, hawthorn, plum, and cherr3\ 

In the sylva of the eastern and western side of the Cascades collect- 
ively, the broad-leaved trees constitute 6.5 per cent, on a numerical 
basis, including individuals with basal diameters of 4 inches and 
upward. On the western side, the oaks, madrona, and chinquapin, 
when estimated on a similar basis, form 5 per cent. 

Although the broad-leaved trees show an appreciable percentage of 
the forest when estimated by their numbers, thev sink into utter insig- 
nilicance when the relative timber volume is compared with the conif- 
erous growth. Owing to the circumstance that timber estimates 
have so far been made onlj^ on the basis of diameters and lengths 
suitable for mill timbers expressed in feet board measure instead of 
cubic contents, the broad-leaved species have been excluded from the 
estimates. It is, therefore, not possible to state in any but the most 
general figures the relative proportion in volume between the broad- 
leaved and the coniferous growths. From various data obtained in 
the cruisings during the current year I should place the relative pro- 
portion of the two divisions of the sylva in the ratio of 1 to 0.001, or, 
in other words, for every cubic foot of timber derived from broad- 
leaved species there are 1,000 cubic feet of timber of coniferous species. 
Were it not for the considerable oak and madrona growth on the 
low-lying semiarid and contiguous regions in the Middle Rogue River 
Basin the broad-leaved species would not show" anywhere near so large 
a ratio. On areas situated within the middle and upper elevations and 
throughout the forested regions east of the Ca.scades the timber vol- 
ume of species other than conifers is excessively small. 

The following tables give the ratios between the different compo- 
nents which compose the coniferous forest. They are based upon 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 237 

niiiiun'ical proportions and not upon tlie timber volume, luid include 
trees with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. The tables are 
compiled for the purpose of indicating- the proportions of the elements 
forming the established forest growth at the present time, witiiin the 
dimensions specified. The numerical status of a species in the early 
stages of growth is determined in this region by its environments as 
regards shade, and by the nuiltitudinous modifications and departures 
from the composition of the original growth on areas undergoing 
reforestations after fires. The numerical proportion of the forest 
components is never, in this region, a fixed matter. The older the 
stands, the less change there is in their composition up to a certain 
age limit, which varies with the life factor in the general duration of 
the species. For this reason were we to adopt a higher or a lower 
standard than 4 inches it would very materially change the proportions 
of the different species. 

Relative proportiom of coniferous species forming the forest on the western slope of the 

Cascades. 
Per cent. ' Per cent. 
Yellow pine 27. 5 ] Noble fir 5. 8 



Sugar pine 2. 8 

White pine 36 

AVhite-bark pine 03 

Lodgepole pine 6. 3 



Alpine fir 2 

Western hemlock 1 

Alpine hemlock 6. 5 

Engelmann spruce 6 



Red fir 44. Incense cedar 41 

White fir 5. 4 

Amabilis fir and Alaska cedar are two species which occur in the 
region, but are so few in numbers that the}' are quite inappreciable in 
the bulk of the forest. 

From the above table it will be seen that two species, j^ellow pine 
and red fir, together constitute 71.5 per cent of the coniferous forest. 
It is generally supposed that the red fir is greatly the superior of all 
other species in this region. The contrary, however, is the case, the 
excess over the yellow-pine component being only 16.5 per cent. The 
cause lies entireh' in the oft-repeated forest fires which sweep through 
these wooded areas. The seedlings and young trees possessing the 
greatest fire resistance survive, the others die. In its capacitv to 
endure fire and survive the yellow pine is greatly the superior of all 
the other conifers in this region. 

The large ratio of lodgepole pine is wholh' owing to extensive fires 
in the subalpine areas, which have destroyed large and dense growths 
of alpine hemlock and noble fir, and have induced soil conditions 
exceptionally favorable to reforestation by lodgepole pine. 

Sugar pine, white pine, Engelmann spruce, and incense cedar are 
species which have an extensive range, but do not reproduce them 
selves abundantly; hence the low ratio. 

White-bark pine, alpine fir, and western hemlock are trees whose 



238 FOREST EESERVES. 

range is circumscribed. The two former belong to the upper limit of 
the subalpine areas; the latter is of scattered occurrence in a few favor- 
able localities, apparently, in this region, being near its southern 
limits. 

Relative j^roportions of coniferous species forming the forest on the eastern slope of the 

Cascades. 



Per cent. 

Yellow pine 68. 

Sugar pine 9 

White pine 05 

White-bark pine 01 

Lodgepole pine 22. 6 

Red fir 1. 22 

White fir 3.7 



Per cent. 

Noble fir 5 

Alpine fir 02 

Western hemlock Lacking. 

Alpine hemlock 1 . 

Engelmann spruce 25 

Incense cedar 75 

Western juniper 1. 



It will be noticed that the yellow pine easily ranks above all of the 
other species either singly or combined. The reason for this lies 
chiefly in the smaller annual precipitation on the subhumid areas of 
the western slope. The large proportion of lodgepole pine is chiefly 
due to forest fires. At least 90 per cent of the species owes its growth 
to this cause. The remainder occurs as the first forest covering on 
areas gradually being laid bare along margins of marshes and lakes 
by the lowering of their waters. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 

With the exception of amabilis fir and Alaska cedar all of the coni- 
fers of the western slope are also represented on the eastern side of 
the Cascades; nor are they confined to the immediate eastern declivi- 
ties of the range. With the exception of alpine hemlock, western 
hemlock, noble fir, and Engelmann spruce, they are found at man}^ 
intermediate points between the Cascades and the Klamath-Deschutes 
divide, and it is not at all unlikely that further explorations may dis- 
cover the four missing species on some of the subalpine elevations 
along that divide. 

The 3^ellow pine is the most widel}^ distributed of the species. Occur- 
ring everywhere throughout the western slope within its altitudinal 
limit, it crosses the Cascades in a broad belt through Klamath Gap in 
Ts. 39 and 40 S. and in narrow scattered groves or in thin lines south 
of Lake of the Woods, in Ts. 38 and 37 S., following to Pelican Bay 
of Upper Klamath Lake the depression which exists between the 
Cascades main range and the group of high mountains west of Aspen 
Lake. Having reached the eastern base of the Cascades, the species 
follows the foot of the range northward to the southern boundary of 
the Klamath Marsh terrace, whence in a broad sheet it spreads out 
over the entire Upper Klamath Basin. 

The sugar pine is more restricted in its range. Confined on the 



LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 239 

western slope within narrower limits tlian the yellow pine, it crosses 
the Cascades through Klamath Gap. The distance between its eastern 
and western extensions in the Lake of the Woods depression is not 
more than 10 miles, and it is not impossible that scattered trees may 
occur in the short interval that separates the two. From where the 
sugar pine enters the Upper Klamath Basin through the gap it con- 
tinues to extend northward, following closely the foot of the range 
and the lower edges of its middle elevations. In T. 33 S. it meets a 
southward extension coming from the Deschutes Basin. Heading 
the terrace of the Klamath lakes in T. 32 S., the sugar pine turns 
toward the south and follows the broken lava plateau which joins the 
^'olcanic areas around Swan Lake Point with those in the Cascades 
southeast of Mount Scott. A few miles southeast of Swan Lake Point 
the sugar pine thins out and disappears. Its next appearance in the 
Klamath Basin, within this region, is on the slopes of the Yamsay 
Kange. It is here an offshoot from the mass of sugar pine which 
closely hugs the Klamath-Deschutes divide from its junction with the 
Cascades to some point in northern California outside of the area 
under consideration. From the Yamsay Range the species takes a 
southerly course to the region around Fuego Mountain in T. 33 S. , and 
turning toward the east it becomes abundant enough to be reckoned as 
a factor in the mill-timber supply on the areas around the Black Hills 
in T. 34 S., Rs. 12 and 13 E. Continuing eastward it joins the stands 
of the species on the Klamath-Deschutes divide in the region of Gear- 
hart Mountains. 

The white pine is not a tree of plentiful occurrence on the west 
side of the Cascades. Beginning with the Siskiyou Mountains, it is 
found here and there on the higher slopes between Siskiyou Peak and 
Sterling Peak. Between its habitat here and its range in the southern 
areas of the Cascades is a wide gap. In the upper region of the basin 
of the South Umpqua the species is relatively abundant. From here 
it continues southward along the flanks of the Cascades, rarely extend- 
ing more than 14 miles west from the summit, to the northern 
boundary of T. 39 S. , R. 5 E. , where it thins out and disappears. It 
crosses the Cascades in many localities between Diamond Lake and its 
southern limit in township 39, and extends down the eastern slope to 
the 5,000-foot contour line in man}^ places. It is not found in the 
region of the Upper Klamath Basin within this area, but a few miles 
to the east in the Gearhart Mountains the species again appears. 

The white-bark pine, being strictly a species of the upper limits of 
the subalpine areas, has a wide range, but is confined within narrow 
altitudinal limits. In the Siskiyou Mountains the species is nearly 
absent. A few score individuals in a group between Siski3"ou Peak 
and Sterling Peak constitute all that were seen. Along the Umpqua- 



240 FOREST RESERVES. 

Rogue River divide a few individuals were observed on the highest 
summits. The region of its greatest density is along the summit of 
the Cascades, where it forms the true timber-line tree on peaks like 
Mounts Pitt and Scott at elevations of 9,400 to 9,500 feet. In the 
interior of the Upper Klamath Basin it occurs on Yamsay Range and 
on high ridges in the Klamath-Deschutes divide. 

The lodgepole pine is a species with a range which extends through- 
out the entire region examined. Strangely enough, it is not ver}' plen- 
tiful either in the Siskiyou or in the Umpqua Mountains except where 
the latter range joins the Cascades. Its chief habitats are on the 
higher and summit areas of the Cascades, where it forms a very large 
proportion of areas reforested after fires, and everywhere in the inte- 
rior of the Upper Klamath Basin, except on distinctly semiarid tracts. 

The red fir is abundant on the western slopes of the Cascades, in the 
Siskiyou Mountains, and in the Umpquas between elevations of 2,500 
and 6,200 feet. Below the 2,500-foot contour the growth is thin and 
scattering, but the species is never wholly lacking over any con- 
siderable area outside the distinctly semiarid, low-lying tracts. It 
crosses the Cascades through Klamath Gap and through the depres- 
sion south of Mount Pitt in T. 30 S. On the eastern side of the Cas- 
cades it follows the foot and lower slopes of the range northward to 
the southern edge of the Klamath Marsh terrace. Here the growth 
is thin, the species occurring as low, gnarled individuals widely dis- 
persed among the masses of yellow pine. The species does not extend 
northward from this point, but heading the north end of Upper Klamath 
Lake and turning eastward it follows the higher lava flows southward 
to the region around Swan Lake Point. On the eastern slopes of this 
peak the tree is fairly abundant, but of small dimensions. It thins 
out and disappears completely 4 miles south from Swan Lake Point, 
but reappears on the divides at the head of Lost River. It is not 
found elsewhere in the interior of the Klamath Basin, nor do I know 
of its occurrence on the Klamath-Deschutes divide. 

The white fir occurs thioughout all of the areas examined west of 
the Cascades below the 6,000-foot contour line. It crosses the range 
in many places between the canyon of Klamath River and Mount Pitt, 
but scarcely north of this peak. On the eastern slope it follows the 
range toward the north, and beyond the head of Upper Klamath Lake 
it spreads out over the entire forested area of the Upper Klamath 
Basin above elevations of 5,000 feet. 

The noble fir is a species with its home chiefly among the higher 
elevations. It reaches its greatest dimensions at the lower levels of 
the subalpine forest. Within its proper altitudinal limits the species 
occurs everywhere on the areas west of the Cascades. It crosses the 
range freeW, except in Klamath Gap, and on the eastern slope extends 
from 2 to 6 miles from the summit. The species is absent from the 
ranges in the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




RVRT OF SOUTHERN OREGON SIimMNO DISTRIBUTION OF ^ 

Prepared under the direction ot Ji 



BV JOll 



SiA^ar.piiie 



Noble fu' 



Coiitouau 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXIV 




VH PIXE. NOBLE FIR, WESTERN HEMLOCK, LNCEXSE CED.\R 

' CtOiuumi .(Veoiiraplier in charge 
:^rBERG 



1^ 14- 16 IB aoimjss 
500 feet 



Ineeiise cedar 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND KESEKVES. 241 

The alpino tir is a tree of the high altitudes, and therefore is chiefly 
contined to subalpine areas. It occurs plentifully ev^erywhere on the 
summit of the Cascades, less so on the Umpiiua-Rogue River divide, 
while on the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as examined, it is nearly 
absent. I have no knowledge of its occurrence east of the Cascades 
in this region, except on the inmiediate declivities of the main range. 

The western hemlock is found on the western side of the Cascades 
in scattered localities from Mount Pitt to Mount Thielsen, but nowhere 
very abundant. It is more plentiful on the northern slopes of the 
Umpqua-Koguc River divide than elsewhere. It is absent from the 
Siski3'ou Mountains. In the region around the southern base of Mount 
Pitt scattering trees of the species cross over to the eastern side of 
the Cascades and form a small percentage of the forest at the south 
end of Lake of the Woods. The species is lacking in the Upper 
Klamath Basin. 

The alpine hemlock is extremely" abundant along the higher eleva- 
tions of the Cascades and on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. It 
freeW crosses to the eastern side of the Cascades except through Kla- 
math Gap, where the elevation dips below its altitudinal range. It is 
absent from the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as explored, with the 
exception of the northern slopes of Siski^'ou Peak, where a few sc«re 
individuals of the species were noticed. I have no knowledge of its 
occurrence anywhere in the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin, but 
there is a probability, at least, that it may be found along the highest 
points of the Klamath-Deschutes divide when that region shall have 
been explored. 

Of the spruces, the onh" species represented in this region is Engel- 
mann spruce. The tree is found m scattered bodies, mixed with other 
species, along the summit and in the canyons of the Cascades, botli on 
the eastern and western slopes of the range. It is lacking in Klamath 
Gap for no apparent reason, as its altitudinal limit on the eastern 
side of the range is several hundred feet below^ the highest point in 
the gap. The species is lacking in the Siskiyou Mountains and on the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 

The incense cedar occurs in moderate abundance throughout the 
region of middle elevations on the western side of the Cascades, in the 
Siskiyou Mountains, and on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. It 
crosses the Cascades through Klamath Gap, extends northward tilong 
the foot of the range to the Klamath ]\Iarsh terrace, whence it spreads 
out over the entire forested region of the Upper Klamath Basin. 

The western juniper is of rare occurrence west of the Cascades in 
the Rogue River Basin. It is lacking on the Umpqua-Rogue River 
divide, likewise on the northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, but 
is fairly common at low elevations on the southern declivities. East 
of the Cascades it occurs throughout the semiarid region comprised iu 
21 GEOL, IT 5 16 



242 FOKEST RESERVES. 

the Spragiio River terrace, on the thinly wooded tracts at the eastern 
termination of Khimath Gap, throughout the seniiarid regions of the 
Lost River drainage, and, in general, where the annual precipitation 
falls ])elow subhumid ratios. 

Among the ])road-leaved species of the forest the most conspicuous 
are oak, madrona, and chinquapin. The two former are confined to 
the western slope of the Cascades; the latter occurs on both the east- 
ern and western decliAnties, crossing the range in the region south of 
Mount Pitt. It is present along the Klamath-Deschutes divide, but 
only in a shrubby form or variety. 

In the geographical distribution of the coniferous sj'lva as outlined 
above, Klamath Gap apparently is a prominent factor in the inter- 
change of species between the western and the eastern sides of the Cas- 
cades. It is not to be inferred from this that the gap is the only 
avenue through which species from the west found their way east, or 
vice versa. There are several other gateways through the Cascades 
in Ts. 3T and 38 S. ; nor is it at all certain that the red fir, sugar pine, 
and other species of the Upper Klamath Basin originally came from 
the west through any of these gaps. 

ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 

Below 6,800 feet on the western slope and 7,000 feet on the eastern 
slope, including the Klamath Basin, there are no sharply drawn lines 
separating the altitudinal range of the various species. Above those 
elevations the elements of the sylva are chiefly subalpine and the 
limits of their downward and upward extensions become more closely 
drawn. 

The lower altitudinal limit for species on the eastern side of the 
Cascades is uniformly at a greater elevation than for corresponding- 
species on the western side. This is due to the fact that isohyetal 
lines drawn from west to east through the Cascades will lie at a higher 
altitude on the eastern side than they do on the western. As the east- 
ern slope has undoubtedly a lower mean annual temperature than the 
western it follows that the range of the species of coniferous trees 
indigenous to this region depends here more on moisture conditions 
than on temperature factors. 

The principal limits in the altitudinal extensions of the various 
conifers are exhibited in the following table: 

Altitudinal ningc of conifers in Cascade Range Heserve and adjacent region, Oregon. 

WEST OF THE t'ASCADE.S. 

Yellow pine Between 1,300 and 6,000 feet, reach- 
ing its best development between 
4,000 and 5,500 feet. 



LEiBEK(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 243 

Sugar pine Between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, with 

greatest development between 
8,500 and 4,500 feet. 

Wliite pine Between 5,000 and 7,500 feet, rea(;h- 

ing its best development along the 
line of the lower elevation. 

AVhite-hark pine Between 6,000 feet and timber line, 

or 9,300 feet. 

Ludgep< )le pine Between 3,500 and 8,000 feet, some 

varieties reaching their best devel- 
opment at 4,500 feet, others at 
7,500 feet. 

I^t-"^! fir Between 2,500 and 6,800 feet, attain- 
ing its best and most abundant 
development between 4,000 and 
5,800 feet. 

White tir Between 3,000 and 6,000 feet, its 

best development being between 
4,500 and 5,500 feet. 

Xoble fir Between 5,200 and 8,800 feet, with 

its greatest dimensions between 
5,800 and 6,800 feet. 

Alpine iir Between 5,800 and 7,800 feet. 

Western hemlock Between 5,200 and 6,000 feet. 

Alpine hemlock Between 6,200 and 9,200 feet, or very 

clo.se to timber line, its best de- 
velopment both as to numbers 
and dimensions occurring between 
5,900 and 7,000 feet. 

Incense cedar Between 2,500 and 5,000 feet. 

Engelmann spruce Between 5,800 and 8,000 feet. 

Western juniper Between 1,600 and 5,200 feet. 

EAST OF THE CASCADES. 

Yellow pine Between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, reach- 
ing its best development between 
5,000 and 6,200 feet. 

Sugar pine Between 4,800 and 6,000 feet, with 

its best development along the 
5,200-foot contour. 

AVhite pine Confined to the immediate declivi- 
ties of the main range at eleva- 
tions varying from 5,500 to 6,000 
feet. 

"White-bark \nne On the Cascade slopes and summits 

between 6,000 and 9,300 feet; in 
the interior of the Upper Klamath 
Basin between 7,800 and 8,500 feet, 
or to the top of the highest sum- 
mits in that region. 

Lodgepole pine Between 4,200 and 8,500 feet, most 

plentiful and of largest dimensions 
along the 5,200 and 5,800-foot 
contours. 



244 FOREST RESERVES. 

Red tir Between 4,800 aiul 7,000 feet, in the 

interior of the Upper Klaniatli 
Basin not below 6,000 feet. 

White fir Between 4,000 and 7,500 feet, attain- 
ing its best development near the 
6,000-foot contonr. 

Noble fir Between 6,000 and 8,800 feet, con- 
fined in its rangeto the immediate 
slopes of the main range of the 
Cascades. 

Alpine fir Between 5,880 and 7,800 feet, its 

range not extending beyond the 
declivities of the Cascades. 

Alpine hemlock Between 6,000 and 9,200 feet, con- 
fined to the Cascades. 

Incense cedar Between 5,000 and 6,600 feet. 

Engelmann spruce Between 5,600 and 8,000 feet, limited 

in its range to a few of the larger 
canyons and wetter slopes of the 
Cascades main range. 

Western juniper From the lowest elevations to alti- 
tudes of 6,000 feet. 

In the interior of the Klamath Basin none of the elevations reach 
timber line. In the Cascades Mount Thielsen, Mount Scott, and 
Mount Pitt have a true timber line irrespective of point of exposure 
alono- their slopes. The timber line on the southern slopes, where it 
is highest, is between the 9,300- and the 9,400-foot contour lines. 

The timber-line tree is the white-bark pine. A hundred feet or so 
below its upper limit the alpine hemlock comes in, soon joined by the 
noble fir and alpine fir, with lodgepole pine and an Engelmann .spruce 
here and there. White pine, red fir, white fir, incense cedar, and yel- 
low pine in descending order complete the scale of coniferous growth, 
which on the western side of the Cascades ends in a fringe of oak and 
madrona, and on the eastern side in stands of western juniper. 

If the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin possessed elevations 
of suflacient altitude to reach the timber-line limit there is scarcely 
any doubt but that the white-bark pine would form the timber-line 
tree here as well as in the Cascades. None of the Siskiyou peaks in 
the region explored reach timber line, nor were any found on the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide west of its junction with the Cascades. 

FOREST TYPES. 

The elements or species which compose the forest are grouped and 
assembled in many different aggregations. These groupings may be 
considered under two aspects, viz, general or zonal aggregations, and 
limited or species groupings. The former is designated here as types, 
the latter as subtypes. 



i.EiBEKG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 245 

The tonn forest type, as here emplo3'ed, is used to define hirge 
aggregations of one or man}' species of trees, usually comprised within 
definable territorial limitations. 

The term subtype is applied to a nmltitude of lesser groupings of 
the species which form the type. Collectively they give to each type 
its characteristic features. 

The composition of the forest types . of any particular region is 
determined by the species of trees which form its sylva. As our 
forested regions consist of mountainous country the tvpes have an 
upward as well as a downward and lateral extension. Climatic features, 
as developed by varying altitudes, are the dominant factors in limiting 
these extensions. 

The subtypes being formed from the elements which compose the 
types are more or less repetitions of the larger and more general types 
on a smaller scale. The differences which make them definable as 
subtypes and serve as their dividing lines consist of varying percent- 
ages or ratios of the type species. 

The composition of any particular subtype depends on many differ- 
ent factors. Some are natural processes, such as climatic and soil 
conditions, altitudinal endurance of the species, or its vegetative 
capacities. These are the fundamental ones. Through the agenc}^ 
of man the relative intensity of these factors often are changed 
temporarily over large areas, affecting the composition of the sub- 
types on such tracts. Through it all, however, there runs one general 
cause, operative at all times and in all places. This is the factor of 
mean annual, seasonal, or monthly soil humidity. It can be expressed 
in this way : Within isothermal and isohyetal lines the composition of 
the forest subtypes is determined by the ratio of mean annual soil 
humidity of the particular tract. 

The duration of the forest tj'pe is indefinite. While undoubtedly 
subject to evolutionary changes, its modifications or transitions to 
other tvpes are so slow as to be quite imperceptible to us. Not so 
with subtypes. They frequently change, sometimes two or three 
times in a generation. Forest fires are fertile causes for inducing 
such rapid changes. But even when left undisturbed a subtype rarely 
persists in any particular locality for more than 250 or 300 years. 
Such at least is the rule on the eastern and immediate western slope 
of the Cascades and in the basins between the Cascades and the Rocky 
Mountains. The only exception to this rule in the region named 
that is known to me occurs in pure yellow-pine and western-juniper 
growths. 

In the region described in this report there exist three general forest 
types, viz, the j^ellow pine, the red fir, and the alpine hemlock. 



246 FOREST RESERVES. 

YELLOW-PINE TYPE. 

With reference to annual precipitation and moan ratio of soil 
humidity the yellow-pine type occupies the lowest position of all the 
forest types in the I'egion, It is the dominant type throughout the 
Upper Klamath Basin. On the western side of the Cascades the type 
is not so well developed. Here it is chiefly found in the areas sit- 
uated in Klamath Gap or adjacent to it, where the dry winds from 
the eastern side of the Cascades have free traverse and maintain the 
proper degree of soil humidity. West of the Cascades its altitudinal 
limits lie between 2,000 and 5,500 feet; east of the range they lie 
between 4,500 and 6,000 feet. 

It is rarely an absolutely pure type: west of the Cascades it is never 
so; east of the range it sometimes runs pure to the extent of 99 per 
cent. Generally it is more or less mixed with varjdng percentages of 
white and red lir, incense cedar, and sugar and lodgepole pine. When 
the forest contains 3"ellow pine to the extent of 50 per cent, it is here 
considered as belonging to the yellow-pine type (PI. LXXV, A and B). 

Illustrative examples of nearly pure yellow-pine types of forest east 
of the Cascades are T. 31 S., Rs. 10 and 11 E., where the forest is of 
the following composition: 

Compositio)! of foreat in T. 31 /S'., Ih. 10 and 11 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 95 

Lodgepole pine . 4 

White fir 1 

Another example where the percentage of yellow pine is lower, but 
yet high enough to give the aspect of a nearly pure growth of yellow 
pine to the forest stands, occurs in T. 33 S., R. 10 PI The composition 
here is as follows: 

Coniposilion of forest In T. 33 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 90. 

Lodgepole pine 9.5 

White fir 5 

The largest admixture of other species in the examples quoted above 
consists of lodgepole pine. This growth here represents thin stands 
around marshy places or fringes along creeks and seepy spots where 
the soil humidity is too high for a yellow-pine growth. Near the 
edges of the semiarid terrace of Sprague River in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., 
and in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., we find the purest expressions of the 
type. The composition of the forest in the first-named township is: 
yellow pine 98 per cent, lodgepole pine 2 per cent. In township 35 
it is: yellow pine 99 per cent, western juniper 1 per cent. The 
small percentage of lodgepole pine in the former, and the nearly 



U. S. GEOLOGiCAL SUHVEY 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXV 





YELLOW-PINE TYPE OF FOREST, NEAR JOHNSON PRAIRIE, WESTERN SLOPE OF CASCADES. 



'— «"1 CASCADE BANGK A»D ASHLAND RESERVKS. 047 

entire absence of associate conifers of any species in ,],e latter is due 

sh ips iMMnsr loose and porous and a poor conservator of precipitation 
Ihe ycIlow-p„,e type west of tl,c Cas,-ades. as already ren ,rk d' 

s the as,. ,.as of the range. Rarely is it as high as 70, more often it is 
60, and n,ore frequently it falls below the standard he -e Zskl ™ 

Compomthn. of forei^t in T. SO S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 

Yellow pine r\T cout. 

Red fir \ 70 

Oak '^^1^. ^ 

Madrona . . I .._ 

: ( -" 

Th.s township is situated at the lowest forested levels on the ed.e 
b i^r w2:f "" 1. ^^^"^ Rive. Valley. Oak and n.:d;o^ 
Inl int VI '"'''""" '^'^^ "* '^^^^ ^^^^i^ity than the yellow 

srtuated ,vithi„ the influence of the 'dry-air i:!^! dating rh^iu^h 

^ ut t 'The "\"' ''^ '"""^'''P^ ""•■•■^- ■' *--' "*■ t^« V W 

pnu t3 pe. Ihe composition is as follows: 

Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. s E., Oregon. 

Yellow pine i^^r cent. 

Red fir ' 60 

Sugar pine 35 

Oak ! "^!!" ' I 

Incense cedar 5 

Cowposition offered in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Yellow pine I'er cent. 

Sugar pine 60 

Red fir 8 

White fir 30 

Incen.«e cedar 1 

Oak \\ 2 

Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon 

Yellow pine I'er cent. 

Sugar pine 60 

Red fir ' ' ^ ^ 15 

Incense cedar 22 

White fir .^^^/^^^^ " I 



248 FOREST RESERVES. 

The composition of the forest in these three townships is a fair rep- 
i-esentation of the mixed character of the yellow-pine type west of the 
Cascades. 

A comparison with the best examples of composite yellow-pine 
type east of the Cascades will show how completely the yellow-pine 
element dominates the type there. In the following- two examples 
there are present the same component species that form the type in 
the two townships last quoted, with the exception of the small per- 
centage of oak in T. 40 S., R. 4 E. , which is lacking, and an addition 
of lodgepole pine. 

Cutii/Kjsilin)) nf forest in T. 36 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 88 

Sugar pine 3 

Lodgepole pine 4. 7 

White fir 3. 5 

Red fir 3 

Incense cedar 5 

Composition of forest in T. .35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Sugar pine 25 

Lodgepole pine 12 

White fir 74 

Red fir. 2 

Incense cedar Trace. 

If we now compare the acreage occupied by the yellow-pine tj^pe 
east and west of the Cascades the difference is no less striking, as maj' 
be seen from the following comparisons: 

Comparison of areas occupied by yellow-pine type east and west of the Cascades. 



■ 


East of the 
Cascades. 


West of the 
Cascades. 


Total acreage of forested areas examined 

Total acreage covered with forest of the yellow-pine type 
Percentage of acreage bearing yellow-pine type of forest. 


1, 592, 700 

1, 450, 420 

94.2 


1,405,740 

330, 040 

23.5 



The aspect of the type is that of an open forest with a minimum of 
undergrowth and seedling or sapling growth. The forest on the east- 
ern side of the Cascades is more conspicvious in this respect than the 
forest on the western, owing to less yariety in the frutescent tlora 
of the former and, in general, to a smaller precipitation. But the 
open character of the yellow-pine type of forest anywhere in the 
region examined is due. to frequently repeated forest tires more than 
to any other cause (PI. LXXVII, A). 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 







■i.r 



-Wi^ 



i4-4..i*iOR-i^^^^.-kiLyii: 



P.\RT OF SOUTHERN OREGON SliOAAlNG 1 JISTJ- 

Propared under tlie direction of Hen 

BY.IOHNB : 
Scnl 



Red fir 



rontoui-utten' 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PARTY PL.LXXVI 




iniON OF RED FIR .\NI) AI.PINE HEMLOCK 

'aiineu,Oeogr-dplier in cluu-ot^, 



UUU.^ F3IEN O ?C 



feet 



Alpine bomlofk 



i-EiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 249 

The forest floor in the type is covered with a thin layer of humus, 
consisting- entirely of decaying- pine needles, or it. is entirely bare.' 
The latter condition is very prevalent east of the Cascades, where large 
areas are annually overrun by fire. But even on the western side of 
the range, where the humus covering- is most conspicuous, it is never 
more than a fraction of an inch in thickness, just enough to supply 
the requisite material for the spread of forest fires. 

For lumbering purposes the type is the most valuable in the region, 
for the reason that it occurs in the most accessible situations and^con- 
tains a maximum of the species commonly sawed, viz. vellow pine and 
sugar pine. 

Freedom from fires insures a good and abundant reproduction of 
the forest type, whether east or west of the range. East of the Cas- 
cades its area is steadily increasing at the expense of tracts covered by 
the lodgepole pine. The process is slow, owing to fires. Were they 
kept down most of the lodgepole-pine areas on high ground would 
give way to pure or nearly pure growths of yellow pine. West of the 
Cascades the yellow-pine tracts in some places barely hold their own. 
Along their upper and higher limits there is occasionally a decided 
tendency toward a larger proportion of red fir as the coming forest. 
In the middle elevations of its range yellow pine is often found to 
have supplanted tracts of nearly pure red-fir stands. This shifting 
about is due chiefly to forest fires. On areas where vellow pine has 
replaced red fir there has been a decrease in the ratio of soil humidity 
necessary to the maintenance of the red-fir preponderance. The same 
condition has existed along the upper limits of the tvpe where now 
red fir shows a coming ascendancy over the yellow-pine element, due 
to a return to higher soil-moisture ratios. Cases of vellow pine 
replac-mg red fir are common enough in the heavv red-fir growth in 
Ts. 30, 31, 32, and 33 S., R. 3 E., while the reverse is observable on 
all ot the higher tracts in the yellow-pine townships situated in Kla- 
math Gap. 

YELLOW-PIXK .SUBTYPES. 

Of the lesser and individual groupings or aggregations of the spe 
cies which form the yellow-pine type, but one east of tlie Cascades 
deserves notice. The other subtypes are so thinlv scattered amono- a 
preponderance of yellow pine that thev are whollv lost sight of " 

The subtype referred to is formed by pure or nearlv p^'ure .rrowths 
of lodgepole pine. It might well be named the lodgepole-pine sub- 
type. It occurs under two aspects. First, in the contorta form of the 
species; secondly, in the murrayana form. The aspect of the contorta 
torm IS that of dense masses of small, scraggy, limby trees forming a 
thick fringe along edges of marshes, creeks, or springy localities, or 
covering low, level areas, occurring in every case where the ratio of soil 



250 FOREST Ri:SERVES. 

humidity is too high to permit the growth of any other coniferous spe- 
cies indigenous to the region. The aspect of the murrayana form, in its 
ultimate development, is that of close or moderately open stands of tall, 
straight, slender trees covering well-drained uplands. This form of the 
subtype is in every case a reforestation after fires, in this region after 
stands of yellow pine. Between the two forms there are many grada- 
tions. 

The characteristic feature of the subtype is its habit of forming 
pure growths. In this respect it stands preeminent among the conif- 
erous species which make up the sylva west of the Rocky Mountains 
and north of the California line. In this region these growths often 
cover large areas. The most conspicuous examples occur in Ts. 30 and 
31 S., Rs. 7 and 8 E., where lodgepole-pine stands cover 40,000 acres 
out of a total of -±8,000 forested, with a growth that averages 99 per 
cent pure. 

The 3'ellow-pine subtypes west of the Cascades consist of pure 
growths of the contorta form of lodgepole pine, aggregations of red 
fir and white fir in varying ratios, and groups of broad-leaved species 
mostly oaks and madrona. 

The madrona rarely forms groups by itself. Usually it is scattered 
throughout otherwise nearly pure stands of yellow pine, where it forms 
a sort of undergrowth. Pure stands of small extent are met with in 
T. 39 S., R. 2 W., occupying the outer edge of the yellow-pine growth 
where it abuts upon semiarid areas. Frequentl}" it forms a small per- 
centage in oak copses scattered throughout the yellow-pine tracts. 

The two species of oak peculiar to the region often constitute the 
larger percentage of arborescent growth on the lower areas of the 
yellow-pine forest. They form open growths, sometimes with a great 
deal of underbrush composed of Ceanothus cuneatus and other ceanothi, 
service berry, hawthorn, and the like; at other times the oak stands 
are entirely free of undergrowth of any sort. The more open oak 
growths, where they form a fringe between the yellow pine and the 
nonforested semiarid tracts of Rogue River Valley are from 95 to 100 
per cent pui-e growths. At higher elevations with greater ratios of 
precipitation and soil moisture they run from 10 to 60 per cent oak, 
the balance consisting of pine and fir or of madrona and other species 
of broad-leaved trees. 

The lodgepole-pine subtype is infrequent in the strictly yellow-pine 
tj^pe of forest. It is lacking in the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as ex- 
amined, but occurs in the Umpqua Range and along the upper limit of 
the yellow-pine type on the Cascades slopes. As before remarked, it 
is invariably of the contorta form, and, like its prototype east of the 
Cascades, it is always found as a fringe of arborescent growth along 
the edges of marshy or springy places. 

The subtypes formed by aggregations of red and white fir are more 



U. S. CEOLOGICAl. SURVEY 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXVII 




A. YELLOW-PINE TYPE OF FOREST, EAST SIDE OF WILLIAMSON RIVER, UP 

RIVER BASIN. 




B. BURNT YELLOW PINE ROGUE RIVER VALLEY, NEAR MILL CREEK. 



i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 251 

common and characteristic than any of the others. They are scattered 
ahiiost everywhere throughout the stands of the type. They are never 
singly of large extent, from a half acre to one acre being an average 
size. The ratios in which the species occur are greatly varied, but 
the following proportions predominate in the majority of instances: 

Proportion of sprcii:'^ fomj)osiii</ i/clloir-jiini' subtype o/forfxi. 

. Pit cent. I Per cent. 

1. 3. 

Red fir 60 Red fir 50 

White fir 35 j White fir 50 

Yellow pint' 5 

o 

Red fir 35 

White fir 45 

Yellow pine 20 



-I. 

Red fir SO 

White fir 20 



The development of subtypes with these compositions in the general 
yellow-pine type of forest, and their capacity to maintain their rela- 
tive species ratio until maturity is due solely to the presence of the 
required degree of soil humidity on the particular tracts that thej^ 
occupy throughout the seasonal changes of the year. The subtypes 
occur, as a rule, in or along hollows or depressions in the general level, 
on northern slopes, or on low inequalities of the ground, in short, where 
the required degree of soil moisture exists. Neither the presence nor 
absence nor relative abundance of seed trees of the species on adja- 
cent areas has an}' influence upon the formation of these subtypes or 
aggregations. Nor do the tolerance ratios of the different elements 
that compose them operate in any way to change their composition 
between the sapling and the veteran stage. 

Of the other elements which constitute the yellow-pine type the 
most prominent are the sugaT pine and the incense cedar. They rarelj^ 
form any considerable groups or aggregations together or singly, 
being found mostly as scattered trees among the other species. The 
reproductive capacities of the two species appear to be much inferior 
to those of the other conifers that make up the yellow-pine forest type, 
which partl}^ accounts for their relative scarcity, but in addition some 
causes not understood undoubtedly operate in limiting the increase in 
volume and numbers of these species. 



KED-FIR TYPE. 



The red-tir t^'pe of forest occupies areas generalh' situated at higher 
elevations than those of the yellow-pine type, hence these areas have 
considerably greater precipitation and soil humidity. The lower 
limits of the type adjoin the upper boundaries of the yellow pine; the 
upper limits encroach upon forest conditions belonging to subalpine 
types. 



252 FOREST RESERVES. 

The red-fir type is not well represented (ni the eastern side of the 
Cascades, although it is by no means wholly al )8ent. On the western side 
it is the dominant t^'pe. Its altitudinal limits on this side of the range 
lie between the 3,800- and 6,200-foot contours. Its altitudinal range 
on the eastern side is between 5,500 and (3,500 feet, and it is confined to 
the immediate slopes of the main range of the Cascades and to those 
of the secondary range between Upper Klamath Lake and the Cascades. 

The red-fir type is never a pure type here. In not a single place in 
the entire region were as much as 200 acres carrying a pure growth 
of red fir fovmd in one body. While the red-fir component often 
overwhelmingly outnumbers all the other elements in any particular 
stand there always is a suflicient quantity of the other species present 
to make the admixture conspicuous. The small pure growths of yel- 
low pine so frequent and noticeable in the yellow-pine type are missing 
from the red-fir forest. 

The component elements of the red-fir type of forest are: Yellow, 
sugar, white, and lodgepole pine; red, white, and noble fir; western 
hemlock; Engelmann spruce ; and Pacific yew. The ratios in which 
these species occur vary with altitude. Along and between the 5,300- 
and 5,900-foot contours the red fir predominates. Below these line 
are found greater quantities of the species characteristic of the yellow- 
pine type, while above occur species more or less closel}^ identified 
with the alpine-hemlock type. 

The percentage of red fir in stands of the t3^pe varies from 50 per 
cent, which here is considered the lowest ratio for stands representa- 
tive of the type, to 75 and in some cases to 85 per cent. A charac- 
teristic stand, and one which is typical of much of the red-fir forests 
of the region, contains about 60 per cent of red fir, the balance being 
made up of varying ratios of white fir, sugar pine, yellow pine, and 
occasional trees of incense cedar. 

As exhibiting the composition of the red-fir forest type the follow- 
ing examples may be cited: 

Composition of forei<t in T. 32 S., Tl. 1 W., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Eed fir 70 

White fir 8 

Yellow pine - 20 

Sugar pine ) 

Incense cedar 



:} 



This township is situated along the summit and higher slopes of the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide, in a region where the red-fir forest is 
generally heav}' and of tolerably uniform composition. It is a refor- 
estation after an extensive fire which burned about one hundred and 
twenty years ago, and the red-fir component is as yet below standard 
with reference to its average height and diameter. 

Coming nearer to the main range of the Cascades we find a few town- 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 253 

ships covered with a massive red-tir growtli of great age, and fairly 
representative of the best and ultimate development of the type in 
this region. They have suffered comparatively little from modei'ii 
fires and the forest lias been permitted to adjust its composition with- 
out the interference of man. The townships referred to and the com- 
positions of their forests arc as follows: 

('ouijmsitiori of forest In T. 3^ S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 9 

Sugar pine 22 

White pine I 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Rea fir 60 

White fir 6 

Western hemlock 5 

Composition afforest in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 2 

Sugar pine , 12 

White pine .2 

Red fir 75 

White fir 10 

Western hemlock .2 

Incense cedar 1 

Coinpositio)i of forest in T. 34 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 15 

Sugar pine 5 

Red fir 60 

White fir 18 

Western hemlock 5 

Incense cedar 1 

As exhibiting the composition of the red-fir t\"pe at lower elevations, 
or w^here humidity conditions approach those which determine the 
yellow-pine type, the following may be taken as representative: 

Composition afforest in T. 35 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Sugar pine 1 

Red fir 55 

White fir 5 

Incense cedar 2 

Oak 7 

Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 1 11'., Oregon. 

Percent. 

Yellow pine 25 

Sugar pine 5 

Red fir 55 

White fir 5 

Incense cedar 2 

Oak and madrofia 8 



254 FOREST RESERVES. 

Along the upper altituciiiuil limits of the type are found small per- 
centages of trees belonging to the al})ine-hemlock type. They replace, 
in a large degree, the yellow and sugar pine components of the middle 
and lower elevations. Examples of this aspect of the type occur, 
among others, in the following townships: 

Composition offorext in T. 37 S., It. 4 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 2 

"White pine 6 

Lodgepole pine 8 

Red fir 64 

White fir 18 

Noble fir 10 

Engelniann sjirnce .8 

Composition of forest in T. SO S., A'. :3 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Sugar pine 3 

AVhite pine 2 

Red fir 68 

White fir 6 

Noble fir 11 

Examples of this kind are not common in this region. The tendency 
of the red-fir type here is always toward added or greater ratios of the 
species requiring less moisture for their growth. Ln other Avords, 
throughout the region examined west of the Cascades there is every- 
where a clearly marked extension of the yellow-pine type elements 
into the areas of the red-tir t^^pe, where they are slowly but surel}^ 
supplanting the species that need a high degree of soil and atmospheric 
humidity with species which require a smaller ratio of these factors 
of growth. 

As already mentioned, the red-fir type is not common east of the 
Cascades in the Upper Klamath Basin. The only localities where it 
is at all well developed are the Lake of the Woods depression and 
some of the areas draining into Klamath Gap. The townships noted 
below are examples of the aspect which the type assumes here: 

Composition of forest in T. 40 S., It. 7 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 40 

Sugar pine 5 

Red fir 55 

Composition of f west in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 31 

Sugar pine 7 

Red fir 50 

White fir 10 

Incense cedar 1 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 255 

If the yellow-pine type is tln' doniiinuit one east of the Caseades, the 
red-fir type is no less so west of the rano-e. The following statement 
exhibits the comparative status of the type in the two sections: 

Comparison of areas uf red- fir type ead and west of the Cascades. 





East of the 
Cascades. 


West of the 
Cascades. 


1 
Total acreage of forested areas examined 1, 592, 700 

Total acreage covered Avith forest of the red-fir type. . . 58, 580 

Percentage of acreage bearing red-fir type of forest 3 


1,405,740 

817, 840 
58 



From the foregoing it will be seen that the red-fir type, while tiie 
dominant one west of the Cascades, is very far from assuming the pro- 
portions that the yellows-pine type does on the eastern side of the 
range. 

In the red-fir t^'^pe the forests in these regions reach their maximum 
densit}'. This holds good for the mature timber as well as for the 
seedling and sapling growth. The type never has the open aspect 
which characterizes stands belonging to the yellow-pine type. Except 
on areas where heavy stands of mature timber efi'ectually shade the 
ground there is a good undergrowth of many species of shrul)s. 

Humus and litter in stands of the type are moderately abundant. 
On ground where fires have not run for one hundred to two hundred 
3^ears humus covers the forest floor to a depth which varies from 3 to 
5 inches. The litter consists of broken trees and branches. It is 
enormouslv increased in quantity Avhen a fire, even of low intensity, 
sweeps through the forest. 

Reproduction of the red-fir tj'pe is good, but the relative ratio of the 
various species which compose it are subject to many changes. I 
should say that the red-fir species is, on the whole, assuming minor 
proportions in the general composition of the tj'pe, giving way chiefly 
to increasing percentages of yellow pine and white fir. The change 
is slow and gradual, but is steadily progressing, at least on areas of 
low elevation along the upper limits of the yellow-pine type. AVhile 
it may not be possible to prove in a conclusive manner that climatic 
changes are responsible for the gradual restriction of the red fir, it is 
at least clear enough that the gradual deepening of the numerous 
drainage channels which intersect the red-fir areas lessens the soil 
moisture in the intervening blocks of ground b}' a more thorough and 
greatly accelerated outflow, and thus prepares the way for species of 
more snbhumid tendencies than the red fir. This phenomenon is 
plainh' visible everywhere throughout the stands of the type. Changes 
of this sort are too slow, however, to aflect the present status of the 
type. We may therefore sa}^ that on areas undisturbed b}' forest fires 
the red-fir type practically holds its own, with the red-fir species as 



256 FOREST RESERVES. 

the leading- component. AVhere lires have ravaged the stands, the red 
fir will come again as the primary and principal seedling growth, pro- 
vided the fire was one of low or moderate intensity. Where the stands 
have been totally destroyed or the destruction amounts to 75 per cent 
and upward red fir may come as the chief growth if the local seepage 
is sufficient to maintain the requisite degree of soil humidity. If this 
is not the case, we haA^e reforestations where the chief components are 
yellow pine or white fir, or sometimes lodgepole pine of the rnur- 
rayaita form. 

There are cases observable in many localities along the upper limits 
of the yellow-pine type where stands of red fir are slowh" replacing 
A'^ellow pine. These are not due to extensions of red-fir areas, but are 
merely cases in which the red fir is again asserting- its supremacy on 
tracts whence it was driven by forest fires long ago (PL LXXVIII). 

RED-FIR SUBTYPES. 

The lesser groupings of the species which form the general red-fir 
type are very numerous, but mostly of small areal extent in any one 
locality. The most common subtype in our region is one in which 
white fir forms the chief component. In every case the ascendancy 
of this species can be traced to the effect of forest fires. The most 
conspicuous example of the white-fir subtype occurs in T. 37 S., R. 5 
E., where the composition of a forest of undoubted red-fir type is as 
follows : 

CoinjHjsitio)/. (ifforeM in T. 37 S., It. 5 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine — 1 

Lodgepole jiine 3 

Eed fir 8 

White fir ' . . 88 

This white-fir growth is a reforestation after a fire which a hundred 
3^ears ago destroyed a forest where red fir largely predominated, as is 
seen in the number of very aged trees of this species remaining in the 
later growth of white fir. 

Small groupings in which the white fir forms fully as large ratios as 
in the locality cited alcove are found in many places throughout the 
red-fir type. It is rare, however, to find the white-fir stands main- 
taining their numerical superiority into maturity. It is more often 
the case that a white-fir stand or reforestation which starts in the 
seedling stage with a ratio of 70 to 80 per cent has dwindled by the 
time it has reached a well-advanced sapling stage to a ratio of 20 to 35 
per cent of white fir, the balance being rod fir principally. Were it 
not so two or three generations of successive forest fires would have 
wiped out of existence most of the red fir in this region. The stands 
of the white-fir subtype furnish in their numbers, extent, and ratios 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXX 




GROUP OF RED FIRS, ROGUE RIVER VALLEY, NEAR MILL CREE^ 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 257 

of composition unfailing o-uidos for the estiuiation of tiio extent and 
age of tires in the red-tir type before the advent of the white man. 

The yellow pine occasional!}' forms stands and becomes a subt3'pe. 
We may consider it a subtype on the grounds that on the areas here 
in view it is a temporary reforestation after lires, and while the par- 
ticular stand may grow to a sort of "immature" maturity it will not 
reproduce itself in a preponderating ratio. Subtypes consisting of 60 
to 80 per cent yellow pine surrounded with dense red-tir growths on 
the same level are found in many places. Good examples occur in the 
massive, veteran red-fir growths in the Rogue River V^alley, in Ts. 31 
and 33 S., R. 3 E. Here 3^ellow-pine reforestations have reached 
maturity, are in a state of deca}', and are gradually being replaced by 
red fir, which advances from the surrounding forest to close the gap. 

The sugar pine never forms stands of pure growth, nor does it ever 
exist among other groups in preponderating or large ratios. It is a 
tree that, whatever may have been the case in past times, is now 
decidedly deficient in reproductive capacit}^ in this region. It therefore 
exists as scattered trees among the mass of red fir and other species 
of that type. 

The lodgepole-pine subtype occurs only in the contorta form of the 
species. It is common on the slopes of the Cascades, less so on the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide, while on the Siskiyou Mountains it is 
rare or wholly lacking in most places. Its habitat is around the edges 
of swamps and generally on ground too wet to permit other species 
of conifers to flourish, but not too wet for arborescent growth. The 
proportion of the species always runs high in stands of this character, 
seldom less than 95 per cent, the remainder consisting of poplar and 
Cottonwood or syjecies of willow and thorn. 

The white pine rarely occurs in suflicient numbers to form stands 
distinguishable as subtypes. It is mostly found scattered throughout 
mixtures of red and white fir in the middle and upper areas of the red- 
fir type. Exceptions occur, however. In T. 37 S., R. 5 E., in the 
space between Mount Pitt and Mount Brown, is a tract of about 2,000 
acres on which white pine forms 70 per cent of the forest. It is a 
growth 70 or 80 j^ears old — a reforestation after forest fires. But as 
a rule the white pine forms a proportion var3dng from 2 per cent down 
to scattered trees in stands of composite red-fir tj'pe. It is an open 
question whether the species is maintaining its present general ratio 
in the forests of red-fir type in the region. I should say that south of 
the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, where the stress of advancing semi- 
arid and subhumid conditions is more marked than north thereof, the 
species is losing ground. Its reproductive capacity here is certainly 
poor. The number of veterans and standards throughout the forest 
is greater than the sapling growth of the species. North of the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide the species becomes more abundant, and 
21 GEOL,, PT 5 17 



258 FOREST RESERVES. 

its upper altitudinal limits, with mill-timber dimensions, is, for some 
reason, considerably increased. We find it, for example, in T. 2S 8., 
R. 5 E., at altitudes of 7,000 feet, in the subalpine forest, with diame- 
ters up to 80 inches and 150 to 175 feet in height, rivaling the best 
growth of the species at elevations of 5,500 feet in the central areas 
of the Rogue River Basin. 

The noble fir is plentiful in numerous localities along the upper 
areas occupied by the red-fir type. Occasionally its ratio is sufficiently 
large to mark it as a subtype. In such cases the composition of the 
stands of which it forms the preponderating element are as follows: 
Red fir, (3 per cent; white fir, 10 per cent; noble fir, 83 per cent. An 
example like this is an extreme case, however, and is only found where 
the red fir has been burned out and the noble fir has come in as a 
reforestation. More frequently the percentages of the different species 
stand as follows: Red fir, 25 per cent; white fir, 20 per cent; noble 
fir, 55 per cent. 

The best specimens of the noble-fir subtype in forests of red-fir type 
are found in T. 37 S., R. 5 E. ; in Ts. 31, 35, and 36 S., R. 4 E., along 
the 5,l:00-foot contour line. There also are excellent examples of the 
subtype in T. 34 S., R. 6 E., east of the Cascades, on the glaciated 
plateau south of Cherry Creek; a habitat where the species exists 
under the stress of the subhumid conditions prevalent east of the range. 
The average ratio of the species in its relation to the entire mass of 
the red-fir t3^pe is, approximately, 0.001 per cent. Apparently it 
maintains this ratio, but there is no clear evidence of its extensions in 
the red-fir type beyond these figures. 

The western hemlock occurs sparingly in the red-fir t3"pe, and chiefly 
as scattered individuals in the wetter and shadier localities in the hab- 
itats of the type. Occasionally small areas are covered with nearly 
pure aggregations of the species and a stand with subtj^pe character- 
istics is formed. In Ts. 30 and 31 S., R. 4 E., are found such aggre- 
gations. They are limited to the trough of Union Creek, and comprise 
altogether but 500 or 600 acres. The percentage of western hem- 
lock in these stands varies from 60 to 80 per cent. Similar stands 
occur on the banks of the North Fork of Rogue River in T. 30 S., 
R. 3 E., and north of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, in Ts. 29 and 
30 S., R. 2 E. The species is clearh^ diminishing in numbers in this 
region so far as its ratio as an integer in the red-fir type is in question. 
Nor is there any evidence of its extension into the subalpine forest 
type. 

The Engelmann spruce is of rare occurrence as a factor in the red- 
fir type. Only occasional trees, scattered here and there along the 
upper limits of the type, are met with. This species also is one whose 
complete elimination from the red-fir type is here only a matter of 
a comparativeh^ short period of time. 



LEiBKRo] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 259 

Til its iirbor(>sc-(Mit form the Pacitic yew oecur.s as scattered trees onl^-, 
foriniiiu- an itisioniticaiit portion of the type. In its semiarboresc-ent 
aspect, which is its usual mode of occurrence in this recrion, it some- 
times is exceedinoly abundant. The most remarkable examph? of this 
kind which canie under my observation occurs in T. Hs S.. K. 4 E., 
where, in a mixinl o-rowth of veteran red fir, white Hr. and white pine, 
the Pacitic yew. in a subarborescent form, constitutes an almost inpene- 
trabU> undergrowth, and, numerically, is far ahead of the strictly 
arborescent components of the forest stand. 

ALPINE-HEMLOCK TYPE. 

The subalpine areas of the region— that is, such as generally lie- 
above 6,200 feet on the western slope of the Cascades and above V>.5(iO 
feet on the eastern— are covered with forests of the alpine-hemlock 
type. It thus occupies the areas having the highest ratios of precipi- 
tation and soil humidity within limits of like conditions of seepage. 

While the elevation boundaries for the type given aljove are the 
general and governing ones in this region, it is not absolutely confined 
within those lines. On northern slopes the type sometimi's clips below 
the 5,800-foot contour line, and it may occasionally follow the deep 
and shady canyons of streams even lower. 

The type occurs throughout the entire length of the main range 
of the Cascades on both slopes, at intermittent points along the sum- 
mit of the Siskiyou Mountains, and at many points on the crest and 
highest slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. In its southward 
extension to the Sierra Nevada there is a gap, about 12 or 14 miles 
wide, where Klamath River breaks through the Cascades, in which 
area the type is lacking. East of the Cascades, in the Upper Klamath 
Basin, the type occurs on the summit of the Yamsay Range, on the 
Gearhart Mountains, and doubtless at other points along the hio-hest 
elevations of the Klamath-Deschutes divide. 

On small areas the alpine-hemlock type is frequently pure— that is 
to say. composed entirely of alpine hemlock. On larger areas the type 
forms stands in which the same species prevails to the extent of 75 
to 85 per cent. The few species of conifers which thrive at the usual 
altitudes of the type make the chances for stands of pure growths 
far more numerous and certain than is the case among the ioM^er alti- 
tude types with their more complex composition. 

The species which form the integral parts of the alpine-hemlock 
type of forest are: Lodgepole, white, and white-bark pine: noble and 
alpine fir; alpine hemlock; and P^ngelmann spruce. With the excep- 
tion of the white and white-bark pine and P2ngelmann spruce, the 
ratio in which the species exist in the type is largely a matter of 
chance. Forest fires of modern date have so thoroughly destroved 
the old forest that most of the growths of the type are merely refor- 



260 FOREST RESERVES. 

estations of no g-roat ago. What the rehitive ratio of the species 
belonging to the type would be on an^' large area undistui'lxHl hy fire 
for a century or more, there are no mean.s of knowing, although it is 
hardly to be doubted that the alpine hemlock would show a preponder- 
ating ratio. 

The general ratio of alpine hemlock in the composition of the type 
is approximately 50 per cent as regards numbers of individuals, and 
60 per cent if reference be had to the timber volume. The species 
which crowds it most closely as to numbers is the lodgepole pine, 
but it is much inferior to the hemlock in timber volume. Typical 
alpine-hemlock forests contain »)0 to 80 per cent of the species. Such 
growths are especially plentiful in the region between Crater Lake 
and Mount Pitt. The following examples are fair specimens of the 
alpine-hemlock type of forest: 

Composition of forest, in T. 32 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 15 

Noble fir 12 

Alpine fir - 2 

Alpine hemlock 70 

Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Percent. 

Lodgepole pine 40 

Xoble fir 3 

Alpine hemlock 56 

Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 5 E. Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 3 

Xoble fir 12 

Alpine hemlock 85 

These ratios are for areas comprising entire townships situated along 
the summit and highest slopes of the main range of the Cascades. 

For comparison the central portion of T. 30 S., R. 1 E., situated on 
the Umpqua-Rogue River divide is cited. Its composition is as fol- 
lows: Noble fir, 20 per cent; alpine hemlock, 79 per cent. 

Along the lowest altitudes of its range the type is of a more com- 
posite character, as may be seen from the following example, which 
comprises areas situated almost wholly below 6,800 feet: 

Composition <f forest in T. 34 ,S'., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 11 

Noble fir 21 

Alpine fir 2 

Alpine hemlock 50 

Engelmann spruce 16 



LEIBERG ] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



261 



The hio-cst limits for the ulpine-hemloek type are the timber lines, 
varying From 8,000 feet on northern slopes of the highest peaks to 
9,500 feet on southern declivities. Along the edge of extreme timl)er 
line alpine hemlock is wanting and white-bark pine reigns supreme, 
but 100 feet l)elow the upper limit of this species alpine hemlock 
comes in and soon gains the ascendancy. The following examples, 
all taken from southern declivities, are illustrative: 



(hnipoxitiou of foi-M ct ruriom aliitudi'.^ on Mount Flit, Oregon. 



I'tT c-L-nt. 
... 100 



50 



Timber line: 

White-bark pine 

300 feet below timber line: 

AVhite-bark pine 

Alpine hemlock 

800 feet below timber line: 

White-bark pine 

8<S 
Alpine hemlock 

Xoble fir ^^ 

East of the Cascades, in the Upper Klamath Basin, the alpine-hem- 
lock type of forest is poorly developed. Almost its only constituent 
species is the white-bark pine, and the acreage covered by it is small. 

At the present time the type is losing ground, in so far as the prepon- 
derance of the alpine-hemlock is in question. This is wholly due to 
forest fires which, wherever they burn in the subalpine elevations 
below 7.800 feet, are followed by reforestations in which the lodge- 
pole-pine element prevails from a ratio as high as 60 per cent to total. 
The suppression of the hemlock through this cause is doubtless only 
temporary, although a century or two may elapse before it completely 
re-covers the lost ground. 

The areas occupied by forests of the alpine-hemlock type in the 
region examined are of much greater extent on the western side of the 
Cascades than on the eastern. The following comparative statement 
exhibits the acreage of each of the two slopes: 

Comparison of areas of alpine-hemlork ti/pe on the east and vest skies of the Otscailes. 



Total acreage of forested areas examined 

Total acreage covered with forests of the alpine-hem- 
lock tyjie 

Percentage of acreage bearing alpine-hemlock type 
of forest 



East of the 
Cascades. 



West of the 
Cascades. 



1,592,700 i 1,405,740 



83, 700 



257, 860 
18.3 



By comparing these figures with the ratio of acreage covered with 
yellow-pine type of forest it will be noticed that on the western .side 



262 FOEEST RESERVES. 

of the Cascades the aroal differences between the two types amounts to 
only 5.2 per cent in favor of the yellow-pine type. AVhile these ratios 
apply only to the Rogue River Basiii in the Cascades, and to the Upper 
South Umpqua Basin, I have little doubt they will be found to apply 
equally well to the western slope of the Cascades as far north as the 
McKenzie Fork of the Willamette. 

The aspect and density of the alpine-hemlock type of forest vary 
exceedingly according to age and altitude, far more so than either the 
red-fir or the yellow-pine types. At high elevations a mature forest 
of the type consists of low, stunted individuals, set well apart. At 
middle altitudes the type is usually open and park-like when well 
advanced in age, the alpine-hemlock component being most frequenth^ 
collected in groups with individuals of white pine and noble tir scat- 
tered throughout. At its lower altitudinal limits well-preserved 
examples of the type often present magnificent examples of forest 
growth but little inferior in timber volume to the best stands of the 
red-fir type. In such cases the type is almost wholly composed of 
alpine hemlock and noble fir; the trees stand 20 to 30 feet apart with 
long columnar trunks, and run from 100 to 200 mature trees to the 
acre. Stands of this kind occur on the northern slopes of the Umpqua- 
Rogue River divide, and in the Cascades at the head of the Middle Fork 
of Rogue River. They are never of any very large extent, most of 
them having been ruined by fire long since. 

Stands of seedling, sapling, and middle-aged growth of the type are 
often exceedingly close set. From •i,000 to 10,000 trees to the acre in 
stands 20 to 10 years old are of common occurrence. Younger growths 
are set even closer. 

The quantity of humus and litter in forests of the type depends 
largely upon the factor of forest fire. In old stands at middle eleva- 
tions that have long enjoyed immunity from fire there is very little 
litter. If the situation is in the bottom of a valley there will be an 
accumulation of humus 3 inches to 1 inches in depth, but on the 
pumice-covered slopes and summits of the Cascades, even in the best- 
preserved stands, there is never much humus on the forest floor. In 
stands that have been exposed to devastation by fire the litter is usually 
abundant, consisting of the common debris of a partially burned 
forest, broken and charred trunks and limbs, dead trees still standing, 
and great numbers of them overthrown by wind and snow. There is no 
humus in such places, the deposit, having been burned up in the fire. 

Reproduction of the type in a broad way is good, but if examined in 
a special manner, with reference to its component species, the stability 
of the type on the ratio here adopted as its distinctive character is not 
promising. Neither the alpine hemlock nor the noble fir are holding 
their ground against the overwhelmingly great increase in the lodge- 
pole-pine component following fires. If this species continues to 



LEiBF.Rr.i CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 263 

extend its limits mid ratios foi- the next forty years as it has done in 
the last forty or tifty years tiie al])iiH'-hemlock type of forest in this 
region will be transformed into one eonsisting- exclusively of pure 
lodgepole pine. 

ALinXE-UEMI-OCK SCnTYPES. 

Among the aggregations or subtype groupings of the eomponent 
species which form the alpine-hemlock type there are three frequent 
enough and covering areas sufficiently large to assume especial prom- 
inenc'e. They are groupings in which the alpine hendock, the lodge- 
pole pine, and the white-bark pine each constitute 90 per cent or more 
of the total number of individuals in the association. 

The lodgepole-pine subtype is the most conspicuous. It is composed 
of the murrayana form of the species, and invariably is a reforestation 
after fires. Its great development after fires indicates that, tempora- 
rily at least, the ratio of soil moisture has been reduced below the 
point where the growth of alpine hemlock and noble fir in any great 
num])ers is possible. The subtype occurs in many localities on the 
summit and along the upper slopes of the Cascades on both sides of 
the range; it is especially common throughout the pumice-covered 
tracts, because the upper foot or two of soil made up of this 
material parts ipiickly with its moisture when exposed to the sun, and 
seed of other species of conifers than the lodgepole pine fail to germi- 
nate on the dry soil. In the Siskiyou ]\Iountains the subtype is lack- 
ing, and along the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, except where it joins 
the Cascades, it is of small extent. In the Cascades the most conspic- 
uous examples of the subtype occur in the region between Mount 
Thielsen and Union Peak. The following examples will serve to show 
its extent and composition in that region: 

CompoaUkm of fared in T. ;/8 K. II. 6 E., Onrpt). 

Por cent. 

95 
Lodgepole pine - '^ 

Noble fir '^ 

Alpine hemlock - " 

Composition offorcxf in T. 29 S., li. 5 E., Oregon. 

Pit cent. 

qo 

Lodgepole pme ' " 

NoV)le fir 

Alpine hemlock 

These tracts are situated on the suumiit and high slopes of the main 
backbone of the Cascades and comprise two entire townships. South 
of Crater Lake and extending to the northern base of Union Peak are 
scattered tracts aggregating thousands of acres on which lodgepole 
pine has replaced alpine hemlock and noble fir with stands running 99 
per cent lodgepole pine. 



26'1 FOREST EESERVES. 

The wroups of tliis species in the ulpiiie-henilock type arc destined 
to vanish in time, provided forest tires are absolutely kept down. 
At, the present time thev are on the increase, partly owing to recur- 
ring tires now in lodgepole stands, now in previouslj^ unburned alpine- 
hemlock and noble-iir growths, and partly owing to reforestations of 
grassed-over tracts which long ago were denuded of their forest cover 
by lire. At high altitudes in the Cascades a return to forest condi- 
tions of such areas is nearly always accomplished by an initial growth 
of lodgepole pine. 

Su])type groupings of the white-bark pine are infrequent and of 
small extent. They occur chiefly at, or a short distance below, the 
timber line on a few of the highest peaks in the region. As a rule 
the species is thinly scattered through mixed stands of alpine hemlock 
and noble fir above 7,000 feet. 

Subtype groupings or pure-growth stands of alpine hemlock are not 
infrequent along all the higher elevations of the Cascades. On the 
Siskiyou Mountains they are lacking, and on the Umpqua-Rogue 
River divide they are, collectively, of limited extent. They are espe- 
cially characteristic of stands in which the species has attained middle 
age or maturity. The pure growths of alpine hemlock are distin- 
guished also b}" another peculiarity, that of forming associations of 
ten to twentj^-five individuals which stand so close that apparently 
they all spring fioin a common root. These small aggregations are 
exti'emely characteristic of the habit of the species at the middle and 
upper altitudinal limits of its growths. Numbers of these associations, 
more or less closely grouped together, form a shade so dense that the 
other component species of the alpine-hemlock type stand little chance 
of growth in such places. We have, therefore, pure growths of the 
alpine hemlock. At lower elevations, or in reforestations after fires, 
the alpine hemlock rarely forms these small associations, and in conse- 
quence the growth is much mixed with other species. 

The cause of the small, close groupings of the species which are so 
noticeable and striking is not wholly clear. Apparently many indi- 
viduals (I have counted as high as thirty -five) spring from a common 
root. At low elevations — that is, at the lower limits of the altitudinal 
range of the species — the phenomenon is extremely rare, but be3'ond a 
certain point in elevation the bulk of the species occurs in these close 
associations. My observations lead me to the conclusion that this 
method of growth is due primarily to some peculiarity in the dispersion 
of the seed of the species at high elevations which does not exist at lower 
levels. According to this theory each association represents the ger- 
minating seeds in one cone, torn ofl' before seed dispersion had taken 
place and more or less deeply buried in the soil where it fell. The 
young seedlings, crowding each other closely, have become united 
through a process of natural graftage where the crowding and abra- 



LEim:i'.<j 



cascadp: kange and ashlanu keservks. 265 



sion of the burk and caiiibiuin lir.st beoun, nainclx . at the root crown 
or .short distances above it. 

On the Ihnpciua-Kog-ue River divide and on the sh)pes of the Cas- 
cades the no])le tir does not often form groupings in which it occupies 
the dominant ratio, but on the crest and high southern slopes in the 
Siskiyou Mounttiins, from Siskiyou Peak as far west as my examina- 
tion extended, the species covers large areas with stands in which its 
ratio runs from 90 to 95 per cent. In these mountains it is the dom- 
inant species in the alpinc^-hemlock type of forest. 

White pine, alpine lir, and Engelmann spruce mostly occur as scat- 
tered individuals or small aggregations in mixed stands of alpine 
hemlock and no}>le fir. Occasionally, in the high country ])etween 
Mount Pitt and Klamath Point, the spruce in some of the canyon ])ot- 
toms is present in as high ratio as 75 per cent. An example of this 
kind exists in T. 34 S. , R. 5 E. , in the upper portions of the canyon of 
the South Fork of Rogue River. The forest is an old growth not 
visited by tire for perhaps three hundred years. The soil is exception- 
ally deep and is swampy or watersoaked. The composition of the 
stand is as follows: 

Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Per f-ent. 

Engehnann spruce '^ 

Lodgepole pine ~ 

Noble fir - ^-^ 

White pine ^ 

THE FOREST AS A COMMERCIAE FACTOR. 

The forest in this region possesses a twofold value: First, as a 
commercial factor in its relation to the demand and supply of lumber 
products and fuel; second, in its more or less obvious effects upon 
streams. It will here be considered in its commercial aspect. 

AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE 

TIMBER. 

Commercially valuable timber is, strictly speaking, any kind of 
timber having sufficient dimensions to make it available for use either 
in the manufacture of the various lumber products entering into trade 
or in the coarser stuffs utilized as fuel. Obviously, therefore, if we 
desire to know the ultimate and actual timber resources of any partic- 
ular area the standard employed in their estimation must be sufficiently 
broad to cover all classes and dimensions of the standing timber and 
the unit of volume must be the cubic foot. 

In the forested regions of the West the cubic foot as a unit of 
volume is never employed in estimating timber on root. There are 
various reasons for this practice. First, timber is cruised and 



2C^C^ FOREST KESERVi:S. 

e.stiniiitod chiefly for .sawmill purposes, whore the unit of volume is the 
foot 1^. M., and, second, accurate estimates })ased on the cubic foot 
unit are extremely difficult in the Western forests with their tall 
growing- trees and the ever varying ratios between the perimetrical 
and longitudinal dimensions of the tree cone, and would involve much 
time and outlay without any particular benefit to the lumberman. 
For these and other minor reasons our estimates of the timber capac- 
ities of the Western forests are based on the board-foot measure, a 
system Avhich falls very far short of expressing the true value of the 
forest in these regions. The difference between estimates based on 
cubic measurements and on board-foot measurements in the timber 
volumes of the Western forests is largely a matter of speculation. 
All cubic estimates that have come to my notice are clearly mere 
guesswork. The}^ all show the same defect, that of a gross underes- 
timation. My observations in Idaho, Oregon, and W^ashington have 
conclusively established in my mind the fact that estimates based on 
the board-foot unit do not show the entire timber volume by ratios 
varying from 300 to 2,000 per cent. In other words, the ultimate 
volume of timber on any given area is from three to -twenty times 
greater than that shown in board-measure estimates. 

The standard of estimates in vogue among sawmill men and cruisers 
is subject to a great deal of variation depending on positions of the 
forested tracts with reference to transportation facilities, the local or 
export requirements, and the general scarcity or abundance of timber. 
The same holds good with reference to the species of trees which are 
considered tit for mill timber. Thus, where timber is abundant the 
lodgepole pine is regarded as unfit for lumber, while in localities 
where timber is scarce the species is found to serve very well. Such 
is also the case with the white fir and other less common species. 

In the region where the following estimates were made there are 
many local standards or practices of estimate and cutting in vogue. 
It was found to be impossible to reconcile these widely differing prac- 
tices, and a standard was adopted designed to show the amount of 
timber available under fair and judicious lumbering methods. The 
smallest admissible dimensions were fixed at 8 inches basal diameter 
at 18 inches from the ground, and 10 feet of clear trunk. But it was 
found that in most cases these two specifications did not exist in the 
same individual. For this reason most of the timber estimates in this 
report are based upon butt diameters of 11 inches. 

The species of trees generally sawn in this region are limited to 
three, viz, yellow^ and sugar pine and red fir. In some localities the 
incense cedar is sawn into shingles, but its use for this purpose is not 
common. For fencing material yellow pine, sugar pine, red fir, and 
incense cedar are utilized on both sides of the Cascades, and, on the 
eastern side in addition to the species enumerated, lodgepole pine and 
western juniper. As fuel the following species are made use of; 



LEIBERO.] 



CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



267 



Yellow piii(\ suoai- pine, red fir, western juniper, ouk, unci madrona. 
West of the Cascades the \-arious oaks and th(> madrona are preferred 
for fuel purposes. Little or none of the tinil)er is cut for railroad 
cross-ties or for telegraph poles. 

In the estimates are included the following species of coniferous 
trees: Yellow pine, sugar pine, white pine, red lir, Avhite fir, noble fir, 
incense cedar, western hemlock, alpine hemlock, and Engelmann spruce. 
In the local cruisings made in the region the above-enumerated species 
are usualh' taken into account, with the exception of white fir and 
alpine hemlock, which are excluded. 

The total quantity of timber, with sufficient diametrical and longi- 
tudinal dimensions to make it available for sawmill purposes, growing 
in the region under examination was 19,981,209,200 feet B. M. in the 
year 1899, estimated on the basis indicated above. It was divided 
among the various species as follows: 

Sawmill timber in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent regions, Oregon. 



Species. 


East of the Cascades. 


West of the Cascades. Total . 


Yellow pine 


Feet B. 3/. 

6, 519, 896, 600 

78, 754, 800 

16, 840, 000 

310, 476, 200 

555, 092, 400 

116, 480, 000 

12, 670, 000 

72, 930, 000 


Feet B. M. 

2, 957, 623, 800 

735, 147, 300 

113, 630, 500 

6, 327, 788, 600 

660, 433, 600 

769, 344, 400 

78, 723, 600 

536, 689, 800 

46, 718, 200 

50, 349, 400 


Feet B. il. 

9, 477, 520, 400 

813, 902, 100 

130,470,500 

6, 638, 264, 800 

1,215,526,000 

885, 824, 400 

91, 393, 600 

609, 619, 800 

46, 718, 200 

71, 969, 400 


Sugar pine 


White pine 


Eed fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 

Incense cedar 


Alpine hemlock 

Western hemlock 


Engelmann spruce 

Total 


21, 620, 000 


7, 704, 760, 000 


12, 276, 449, 200 


19, 981, 209, 200 









In the above table the summit of the Cascades is taken as a divis- 
ional line between the eastern and western sections of the region. 

Taking into account the acreage of the two sections the average 
stand per acre is as follows : 

Stand of timber east and tcest of the Cascades. 



East of the 
Cascades. 


West of the 
Cascades. 


Wooded and forested area acres . . 1 , 592, 700 

Average stand of timber per acre . .ft. B. M. . 4, 837 


1, 405, 740 
8,733 



268 FOKEST RESERVES. 

A comparison of this kind is valuable only in a general way. It does 
not convey a true idea of the actual density of the mill timber on small 
tracts on either side of the range. The reason for this lies in the 
greatly varving age and composition of the different forest types. 
For example, on the eastern side of the Cascades the yellow-pine 
forest is frequently cut up b}^ extensive growths of lodgepole pine, in 
some places 30,000 to 40,000 acres in a body or scattered in smaller 
bodies through a number of townships but connected by narrow lines 
of the same kind of growth. These lodgepole-pine stands carry no 
mill timber, or small quantities only, but in a classification of the land 
into forested and nonforested areas they obviously ))elong in the for- 
ested class. The actual volume of timber per acre measured by the 
cubic-foot unit is often ver}^ much greater in these noncommercially 
valuable stands than in pure yellow-pine growths scaling 10,000 feet 
B. M. and upward. But w^hatever their volume may be their pres- 
ence only serves to lower the average acreage stand of mill timber on 
the forested areas where they occur. Much of the region under exam- 
ination is composed of high subalpine regions which naturally carry 
light stands of timber. Extensive fires have devastated them at various 
times. Reforestations of all ages and differing in composition cover 
them. These reforestations are forest to all intents and purposes. 
Their timber volumes are often considerable, but the dimensions are 
too low to come within mill-timber classifications. In other places 
fires have destroyed a certain percentage of the forest. The damage 
may vary from 10 to 60 per cent or higher. The destruction has not 
been all in one place or bod3\ The fire has run through the forest for 
miles, burning a tree or a group of trees here and there. All these 
factors become apparent enough when any large tract of forest in this 
region is cruised, and thev lower the a^'erage stand of mill timber, 
where a large area is in question, with surprising rapidity. It is onlv 
when tracts of comparatively limited size are examined that a correct 
idea of the actual and possible stand of mill timber in this region can 
be formed. The following examples of mill-timber stands in different 
townships will give a better view of the density of the forest in various 
portions of the regions than can be obtained from the figures based on 
a general average : 

Stand of mill timber in T. 32 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 23, 040 

Mill timber i feet B. M. . 247, 240, 000 

Average per acre do. . . 10, 730 

This township is situated on the southern slopes of the Umpqua- 
Rogue River divide, and carries a forest composed chiefly of red-fir 
t^^pe. Owing to the rocky and broken character of the region the 
stand is rather below the medium density for the red-fir t3'pe. 



LEiBERc] cascadp: range and ashland reserves. 269 

Stand of mill titiilx'r in T. 3^ S., It. S E., Ore;f<ni. 

Forested area acres. . 17, 940 

Mill timber feet B. 'SI.. 452, 240, 000 

Average per acre do. . . 25, 264 

Tho township is situated in the Kogue River bottoms. Its forest is 
of the red-lir t^-pe and represents fairh' the best class of this type of 
forest in Rogue River Valley. 

Stand of mill timber In T. 86 S., R. 4 E., Orer/on. 

Forested area acres . . IB, 040 

Mill timber feet B. :\I . . 248, 000, 000 

Average per acre do . . . 15, 461 

This tract is situated in the region south of and surrounding Mount 
Pitt, and is tj^pical of the red-fir type at medium density. 

Stand of mill limber in T. 39 S., B. 5 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 21, 140 

Mill timber feet B. :\I. . 328, 000, 000 

Average per acre do . . . 15, 515 

This township is situated in Klamath Gap, and is typical of the best 
and heaviest vellow-pine type of forest. 

Stand of mill timber in T. 41 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 7, 000 

Mill timber feet B. :\I . . 10, 000, 000 

Average per acre do. . . 1, 428 

This township is situated on the southern slopes of the Siski3'ou 
Mountains and is subject to the stress of semiarid conditions. It rep- 
resents the average stands of the j^ellow-pine tvpe at the lower limits 
of its growth in this region. Between the two examples given of the 
3'ellow-pine type there are all sorts of variations, the average acreage 
running 5,000, 7,000, and 9,000 feet B. M. for stands of medium 
densit}'. 

It is in the alpine-hemlock type of forest that the stands of timber 
become thin and light and make the factor which is responsible for 
the low general average of the forest stands west of the Cascades in 
this region. The following examples exhibit clearly this condition: 

Stand of mill timber in T. 28 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 23, 040 

Mill timber feet B. M. . 40, 000, 000 

Average per acre do. . . 1, 736 

The tract occupies the summit and high slopes of the Cascades. Fires 
have run through 18,000 acres of the township, destroying 75 per cent 
of the timber. 



270 FOREST RESERVES. 

Stand of mill timhcr in T. SI S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 21, 440 

Mill timber feet B. M. . 50, 520, 000 

Average per acre do . . . 2,315 

This township also occupies summit and high slopes of the Cascades. 
It is a good example of the capacit}' in mill timber of the better class 
of the alpine-hemlock type of forest as it commonly occurs. 

East of the Cascades the forest does not show as great variations in 
the density and amount of mill timber per acre as are met with west 
of the range. The following townships furnish typical examples of 
the different grades: 

Stand of V} ill timhn- in T. P.l S., B. 10 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 23, 040 

Mill timber feet B. M. . 220, 800, 000 

Average per acre do . . . 9, 583 

This township is covered with a forest of yellow pine running 95 
per cent pure. It is typical of the heaviest forest growth in the Upper 
Klamath Basin so far as this examination extended. 

Stand of mill timber in T. 34 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Forested area acres. . 15, 040 

Mill timber feet B. M. . 79, 000, 000 

Average per acre do. . . 5, 252 

The forest in this township is representative of a medium class of 
stands in the region. From this average of 5,252 feet B. M. it varies 
to amounts less than 1,000 feet per acre where the forest comes in con- 
tact with true semiarid conditions. The forest of alpine-hemlock type 
carrying timber suitable for mill purposes is, east of the Cascades, 
confined to the slopes of this range. It averages about 30 per cent 
lighter than the same type west of the range. 

Excluding the areas denuded of forest through logging operations, 
or parth' cleared for purposes of agriculture, it is patent to the most 
ordinary observer that the present stands of timber fit for mill use 
are vastly below what the region is capable of producing. There is 
not a single township of all those examined, either east or west of the 
Cascades, where this does not hold true. The greatest deficiency 
occurs in the red-fir type, the least in the yellow-pine type, while the 
alpine-hemlock type holds an intermediate position. 

As illustrative of the vast difference existing in stands of mill tim- 
ber on areas practically identical in soil, moisture, and topographical 
features, the following examples are adduced: 



LEiBEP.ri.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESEKVES. 271 

Differi'tK-e In Ktaiidn of null timber in Cascade Range Jieserre and adjoining regions under 
practically the mme conditions. 

IX THE REIJ-FIK TYPE. 

Feet B. M. 

T. 33S., R. 3E 806,880,000 

T. 32 S., E. 3 E 452, 240, 000 

Difference 354,640,000 

IX THE ALPIXE-HEMLOCK TYPE. 

T. 36S., R. 5E - 139,700,000 

T. 32S., R. 5E - 68,960,000 

Difference "0, 740, 000 

These examples are of the better classes of stands on the western 
side of the Cascades. Among the townships carrying lesser amounts 
the relative differences are much larger. On the eastern side, with 
its large areas of exclusive yellow-pine type, the variations are 
smaller, but nevertheless great enough to become conspicuous. 

The question arises, If all the forested areas carried mill timber to 
their ultimate capacity, what amount, as the gross total, would the 
region contain "i To deduce a fair average for each of the three forest 
types it is necessary to consider the natural conditions under which 
the forest grows. 

The region west of the Cascades in the Rogue River Basin is subject 
to semiarid pressure from three directions, viz, from the east through 
Klamath Gap, from the south over the Siskiyou Mountains, and from 
the west by extensions into higher elevations of the low-lying, almost 
wholly nonforested depression at the western base of the Cascades. 
In the Umpqua Basin the semiarid and subhumid conditions of stress 
prevalent throughout the Rogue River Basin are absent, at least so far 
as the region examined is in question. The yellow-pine tj'pe is the 
portion of the forest which comes in closest contact with these semi- 
arid pressures. Along the lower and middle limits of the red-tir type 
are seen the effects of the semiarid and subhumid conditions advanc- 
ing through the j^ellow-pine type in a diminished density of stands 
and smaller dimensions of the trees. There is in consequence a broad 
belt of red-fir type lying adjacent to the yellow pine which naturally 
could not produce a forest* of any but a medium density. The heaviest 
growths of this t^^pe in our region are found in a north-south belt 
6 to 12 miles wide lying just to the west of the last declivities of the 
upper or summit terrace of the Cascade Range. 



272 



FOREST RESERVES. 



The alpine-hemlock type of forest sutfers 1)ut little as yet from tlis 
upward extensions of semiarid and subhumid conditions. Its growth 
along the tipper limits of its altitudinal range is under more or less 
acute stress of low mean annual temperatures, depending on the vary- 
ing slope of exposure. 

On the eastern side of the Cascades in the Upper Klamath Basin 
most of the tracts are under semiarid pressure, advancing from the 
south and east, and everywhere the character of the growth of the 
forest shows unmistakable evidence of this fact. 

Considering these factors and the extent of the areas upon w^hich 
they are in operation, I would place the natural average ultimate 
capacity of the different forest types in mill timber at the following 
amounts: 

Ultimate acre capacity of forest types in mill timber in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent 

regions, Oregon. 



Type. 



East of the 
Cascades. 



West of the 
Cascades. 



Yellow-piiie type . . . 

Red-fir type 

Alpine-hemlock type 



Feet B. M. 
per acre. 

18, 000 

25, 000 

12, 000 



Feet B. M. 
per acre. 

30, 000 

60, 000 

25, 000 



Assuming that the average age of stands of first-class mill timber 
is 175 3^ears (in realit}^ I think it may be somewhat higher) the above 
computations would mean that a forest in this region left to a natural 
course of growth for a period of 175 years would carry the amounts 
specified above. 

It remains to compare the present quantity of mill timber with the 
possible quantity which the region could cany under ordinary natural 
conditions. For this purpose the area logged clean will have to be 
deducted from the total forested areas, as it does not enter into the 
estimates of the present available timber, and a suitable deduction 
made for the areas partly logged. Reducing this latter factor to a 
ratio which will express its areas in acres logged, the total acreage is 
as follows: 



tEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 273 

Area covered by different forest types in Cascade Range Itesercc and adjacent region.^, Oregon. 





West of the 
Cascades. 


East of the 
Cascades. 




Acres. 
330, 040 
66, 200 


Acren. 
-1,450,420 
33, 700 


Loerfferl 


Net 


263, 840 


1, 416, 720 


Red-fir type— Forest area examined 

Logged 


817, 840 
28, 300 


58, 580 



Net 


789, 540 





Alpine-hemloek type— Forest area examined 


257, 860 



83, 700 







Applying the estimates of ultimate capacity to the nonlogged areas, 
the results are as follows: 
Ultimate total capaciiy of forest tapes in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent regions, Oregon. 

WEST OF THE CASCADES. 

Feet B. M. 

t 263, 840 bv 30, 000= 7, 915, 200, 000 

789, 540 by 60, 000=47, 372, 400, 000 



Yellow-pine type 
Red-fir type 



Alpine-hemlock typ^; 257, 860 by 25, 000= 6,446,500,000 

Total 



61, 734, 100, 000 



Yellow-pine type 
Rod-fir type 



EAST OP THE CASCADES. 

t 1,416,720 by 18,000=25,500,960,000" 



58,580 bv 25,000= 1,464,500,000 

Aipine-hin:io;^tyi;;::;; :::::. 83,700 by 12,000= 1,004,400,000 

Total 27^969^860^ 

East and west section collectively 89,703,960,000 

21 GEOL, TT 5 18 



274 FOEEST RESEEVES. 

The estimates give 19,981,209,200 feet B. M. as the present available 
timber suppl}^ under fair logging practice. Subtracting this amount 
from the estimates of ultimate capacity there remains in favor of the 
latter the vast sum of 69,722,750,800 feet B. M., which represents the 
amount of mill timber the forest has fallen behind in producing 
capacity within the past 175 years. These estimates are conservative 
and do not take into account the great quantities of sapling growth 
which also would be present. Under practical, close, scientific man- 
agement, I do not doubt the producing capacity of the forest in this 
region would greatly exceed the figures given above. 

If we now divide the amount of mill timber representing the ultimate 
capacit}^ over and beyond the present amount by the time required to 
produce it, viz, 175 years, the yearly increment is found to be nearly 
400 million feet per year. At the lowest stumpage value this increase 
would mean a value at the present time of $200,000 for each year of 
growth over the entire region. In point of fact it would mean at 
least 30 per cent more, for certain species and dimensions command a 
higher stumpage than 50 cents per thousand, and the sapling and 
young growth generally would be a factor of no little value. To 
accomplish this result would merely have required a complete sup- 
pression of forest fires, for to this cause, and to no other, is due the 
impoverishment of the present forest in this region. 

AGE, DIMENSIONS, AND SOUNDNESS OF TREES. 

The age of the timber utilized in sawmill consumption varies from 
100 to 350 years. Most of the yellow pine falls below 175 years; the 
higher limit is reached chiefly in the sugar pine. Most of the sugar 
pine in the region is of great and mature age. Comparatively little 
red fir is sawn. It varies in age from 100 to 500 years, and some of 
the very large individuals seen were doubtless even older. The 
noble fir and white pine of mill-timber size varies in age from 100 to 
350 years, most of it falling below 180 years. The alpine hemlock 
of mill size runs from 80 to 250 3"ears, 120 to 140 years representing 
the age of the bulk of the standard growth. The white fir, with 
suflScient clear trunk development to come within the limit of these 
estimates, varies in age from 75 to 120 j^ears. 

The most common defects in the timber consist of fire scars in the 
yellow pine and sugar pine, usually occurring as spots in the lower 
third of the trunk denuded of bark and with the wood charred or 
burned more or less deeply. These defects are extremely common in 
the yellow pine east of the Cascades, where the wood of the species is 
more highl}^ resiniferous than west of the range and where, in conse- 
quence, injuries of this nature are apt to extend over a larger propor- 
tion of the trunk. This defect often diminishes the lumber contents 
of the trunk in scaling by 10 to 20 per cent. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



275 



Most of the very aged sugar pine and red fir have rotten cores or 
gum cracks in their trunks. The incense cedar, on both sides of the 
Cascades, rarely has a sound center. It is seldom sawn except for 
shingles. The alpine hemlock is usually sound, even where the indi- 
viduals have attained a great age, provided lire has not swept through 
the stands. Where such has been the case most of the trees will be 
found to have dead and decaying streaks through the trunk. 

The dimensions of the various species run as follows: 

Dimmsions of apecies in. Cascade Range Remove and adjacent regions, Oregon. 



Species. 


Base diameter. 


Clear trunk. 


YELLOW PINE. 

East of Cascades ................ 


Inches. 

14 to 48 
14 to 50 

20 to 36 
25 to 96 

20 to 36 

14 to 28 
14 to 84 

18 to 36 
18 to 36 

16 to 72 

12 to 18 
16 to 45 

10 to 14 

10 to 32 
10 to 32 

10 to 30 


Feet. 

10 to 35 
12 to 50 

15 to 30 
25 to 70 

40 to 100 

10 to 25 
20 to 120 

None to 30 
None to 30 

15 to 50 

10 to 20 
20 to 65 

10 to 20 

12 to 50 
12 to 50 

None to 60 


West of Cascades . 


SUGAR PINE. 

East of Cascades ............... 


AVest of Cascades ........ . 


WHITE PINE. 

West of Cascades 


RED FIR. 


West of Cascades 


WHITE FIR. 

East of Cascades - ...... 


West of Cascades 


NOBLE FIR. 

West of Cascades 


INCENSE CEDAR. 

East of Cascades .............. 


West of Cascades 


WESTERN HEMLOCK. 

West of Cascades 


ALPINE HEMLOCK. 

West of Cascades 


East of Cascades 


ENGELMANN SPRUCE. 

West of Cascades 





276 FOREST RESERVES. 



LOGGING OPERATIONS. 



West of the Cascades 145, -iOO acres have been log-g-ed; east of the 
Cascades 5T,0UO acres. These operations involve the removal of all the 
wa}" from 100 per cent to culling of the sugar pine alone. The most 
extensive operations have been in proximity to the Rogue River Valley 
settlements and the placer diggings southwest of the valle}^ in the 
spurs of the Siskiyou Mountains. Sawmills have been erected at 
many places. The}" were small plants, sawing a while in the adjacent 
forest, then pulled down and moved elsewhere. The most extensive 
logging operations are now carried on in T. 40 S., Rs. 4 and 5 E, 

Large amounts of the logged areas have been culled over by shake 
makers and much of the sugar pine has been cut for such purpose, 
involving the waste of a vast amount of valuable timber. As a rule 
but 10 or 12 feet or even less of the large growth sugar pine splits 
straight and easy enough to furnish shake material; the balance is 
rejected. It is not always possible to tell by a superficial examination 
whether the grain of a standing tree is straight or more or less twisted. 
The forests in the sugar-pine areas of Ts. 34, 35, 30, and 37 S., R. 3 and 
a part of R. 2 E., are littered with many millions of feet of rotting 
sugar pine rejected by the shake maker on account of slight imper- 
fections of grain. 

Consumption of timljer for fencing material is not large. On the 
western side of the range firewood is mostly cut from the oak copses 
which grow at lower and more accessible elevations than most of the 
coniferous species. 

Owing to the intermittent character of the smaller logging opera- 
tions, it is impossible to state with any degree of certainty the yearly 
consumption of mill timber. The probability is that it amounts to 
something in the neighborhood of 100 million feet B. M. per year, 
including the areas east and west of the Cascades and taking into 
account the quantities used by shake and shingle makers. The log- 
ging operations have been confined to areas of yellow-pine and red-fir 
forest types. No logging or lumliering has been done in stands of the 
alpine-hemlock type, owing in part to the high elevations at which the 
type grows, which renders access to its stands difficult and expensive, 
and in part to the circumstance that, with the exception of the white- 
pine and portions of the noble-fir growth, the species which compose 
it are generally considered undesirable and unsaleable. 

FOREST FIRES. 

EXTENT OF FIRES. 

Fires have widely ravaged the region examined. There is not a single 
forested township either on the west side or on the east side of the 
rang-e in which the timber is not more or less fire marked. Without 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHvllV 



TWENTY-FIRST annual report part V PL. LXXIX 





BURNT ALPINE HEMLOCK, NOBLE FIR, AND LODGEPOLE PINE, NEAR HEAD OF NORTH 

FORK OF ROGUE RIVER. 



LEiBEKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 277 

imu-h doubt the present agricultural areas, once grass covered and 
carrying- scattered stands of oak. ^vere Ijurned over quiti> as extensively 
as the ttmbered tracts; at least there are few oaks that do not show tire 
marks. The onlv tracts that have escaped are the swampy sedge- and 
tille-covered areas bordering the Klamath lakes and marsh, and such 
spots at the higher elevations where bare lava or pumice fields made 
the spread of fires impossible. 

Of the forested area examined, comprising in round numbers 
3.000.000 acres, a total of 2,975,000 acres, or 99.992 per cent, are fire 
marked. The remaining 26,000 acres which have escaped are divided 
mostly in small tracts ])etween the swampy bottoms of the Upper 
Rogue River forks and isolated tracts along the higher summits of the 
Cas^cades main range (Pis. LXXVII. B, and LXXIX). 

TIME OF FIRES. 

The aspect of the forest, its composition, the absence of any large 
tracts of solid old growth of the species less capable of resisting fire, 
and the occurrence of veteran trees of red fir, noble fir, white pine, 
alpine hemlock, etc., singly or in small groups scattered through 
stands of verv different species, indicate without any doubt the preva- 
lence of widespread fires throughout this region long before the com- 
ino- of the white man. But, on the other hand, the great diversity in 
the age of such stands as show clearly their origin as reforestations 
after fires, proves that the fires during the Indian occupancy were not 
of such frequent occurrence nor of such magnitude as they have been 
sipce the advent of the white man. 

The fires were more numerous and devastated much larger areas in 
the early days of the settlements than they have done in later years. 
Much the larger percentage of what may ])e classed as modern burns 
date back twenty-five to forty years. As time has passed, the fre- 
quency of forest fires in the region has much diminished. This is owing 
to a variety of causes, chief of which are the numerous fire breaks 
caused by the earlier burns; the gradual extinction of the game and 
consequent diminished number of hunting parties and lessened risk 
from unextinguished camp fires; the acquisition of valuable timber 
claims bv private parties throughout the heavily forested sections and 
the measure of protection, prompted by self-interest, bestowed on their 
propertv and incidentally on adjoining areas, and. lastly, the destruc- 
tion of the humus laver, the chief factor in the spread of forest fires 
in this region, bv the earlier contiagrations and the insufficient accu- 
mulations of this material si.u-e then to support hot. large, and 
destructive fires. . . 

While, as already remarked, the miml)er of fires has much dimin- 
ished in recent years, they have not by any means entirely ceased. 
Everv vear certain areas 'are burned over. None of the regional 



278 FOREST EESERVES. 

divisions are exempt. The eastern slope of the Cascades, the summit 
and middle elevations of the range, the western slope, the slopes and 
summits of the Siskiyous with the country intervening- between this 
range and the Cascades, all suffer more or less from this needless inflic- 
tion. And there is little prospect that it will be otherwise for many 
years to come. 

The age of the burns chargeable to the era of Indian occupancy 
can not in most cases be traced back more than one hundred and fift}^ 
years. Between that time and the time of the white man's ascendency, 
or, between the years 1750 and 1855, small and circumscribed fires 
evidently were of frequent occurrence. There were some large ones. 
Thus, in T. 37 S. , R. 5 E. , occurs a growth of white fir nearl}- 75 per 
cent pure covering between 4,000 and 5,000 acres. It is an even-aged 
stand 100 years old and is clearly a reforestation after a fire which 
destroyed an old growth of red fir one hundred and five or one hun- 
dred and ten years ago. A similar tract occurs in T. 36 S., R. 5 E., 
onl}" that here the reforestation is white pine instead of white fir. 

The largest burns directly chargeable to the Indian oecupanc}' are 
in Ts. 30 and 31 S., Rs. 8 and 9 E. In addition to being the largest, 
the}" are likewise the most ancient. The burns cover upward of 60.000 
acres, all but 1,000 or 1,100 acres being in a solid block. This tract 
appears to have been systematically burned by the Indians during the 
past three centuries. Remains of three forests are distinctly traceable 
in the charred fragments of timber which hero and there litter the 
ground. Two of these were composed of lodgepole pine. The most 
ancient one appears to have consisted of yellow pine, which would be 
the ultimate forest growth on this area following a long period of 
freedom from fire. 

Along the summits of the Cascades from Crater Lake to Mount 
Pitt are very man}" even-aged stands of alpine hemlock 200 to 300 
years old. These even-aged stands may represent reforestations after 
ancient fires dating back two hundred and fifty to four hundred years, 
but there is no certainty on this point. 

ORIGIN OF FIRES. 

It is not possible to state with any degree of certaint}" the Indian's 
reasons for firing the forest. Their object in burning the forest at 
high elevations on the Cascades ma}" have been to provide a growth of 
grass near their favorite camping places, or to promote the growth of 
huckleberry brush and blackberry brambles, which often, after fires, 
cover the ground with a luxuriant and, to the Indian, very valuable 
and desirable growth. The chief purpose of the fires at middle eleva- 
tions and on the plains or levels probably was to keep down the under- 
brush in the forest and facilitate hunting. 

The white man's reasons for firing the forest in this region are uuich 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



279 



clearer. The earliest settlers found that burned-over tracts in the timber 
attracted game; hence the forest was fired. Many of the conflajrrations 
spread from camp fires, which the settlers rarely took the troul)lc to 
extinguish when lu-eaking camp. They also set many fires for the 
purpose of destroying the under})rush to facilitate traveling through 
the forest. Where roads or trails were constructed fires were set to 
help clear the way. The ])uilders of a road up the North Fork of the 
Rogue River and across the Cascades to the Deschutes River, known as 
the* John Day road, are responsible for large tracts burned on either 

side of the road. 

With the advent of the stockman came the burning of the forest for 
the purpose of promoting grass growth. This practice still survives, 
and outside the patrolled areas of the Cascade Range Forest Reserve 
tracts of forested lands are burned every year with this object in view. 

As a rule grass growths after forest fires come only along the highest 
slopes and plateaus of the Cascades. Fires in the middle and lower 
elevations usually stimulate brush growths. Some of these brush 
growths, consisting of hazel, mountain mahogany, scrub oak, June or 
service berry, and various species of ceanothi are relished by cattle, 
and for, the purpose of providing the stock with this sort of browse 
the tmiber is frequently burned. In certain of the forested districts 
a new industry is springing up, that of raising Angora goats. ^ These 
animals are essentially browsers and eat almost any sort of brush. 
A number of places were noticed along the Rogue River where the 
timber had been burned apparently with the sole object of providing 

goat browse. 

Fires are often set to attract game. The larger varieties of game are 
now becoming scarce in the region south of the Umpqua watershed. 
During the fall and late summer fires are started to attract game to 
the srnoke and save the trouble of hunting it very far from home. 
Deer, for example, are readily attracted to the proximity of fire and 
smoke. They stand in the smoke to escape the attack of flies and 
gnats, which are very troublesome at certain seasons of the year. 
Several fires started for the purpose of luring deer were observed dur- 
ing the summer. One in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., burned for a month in a 
very heavy stand of mixed red fir and sugar pine, destroying 15 or 20 
million feet B. M. of merchantable mill timber before the fall rains put it 
out. It is not probable that more than a half dozen deer were obtained 
in return for this waste of timber. For similar reasons— to drive away 
flies and gnats— fires are often started where the forest is used for pur- 
poses of cattle and horse range. These fires are rarely tended, and they 
frequently spread over considerable tracts. Cases of this sort were 
observed in Ts. 36 and 37 S., Rs. 6 and 7 E. In the former township, 
at one place near Pelican Bay, a half dozen huge fires had been built 
in a row in the midst of a pile of inflanunable forest litter. At the 



280 FOREST RESERVES. 

time of passing it had spread into the adjoining forest and had burned 
over between 3<)0 and -iOO acres. The fire in township 37 had started 
from a similar origin. When observed there was a solid line of fire 
for a distance of 2 miles into the adjacent forest. 

Fires are not infrequently set to burn away windfalls across a 
traveled road. This is done to avoid the severe lal)or of fifteen min- 
utes' work with the ax. By this method it often costs Jhe public 
$10,000 or ?^15,000 to remove a rotten old log which could easily l)e 
thrown out of the road by bestowing the work of a quarter of an hour 
on it. A case of this kind came under my observation in T. 4:0 S., 
R. 4: E. In an attempt to remove a windfall from across a little-used 
road the fire in the log had spread into the adjoining forest, and at the 
time when I saw it had burned over about 3,000 acres. 

AFTER-EFFECTS OF FIRES. 

The after-efi^ects of forest fires in this region are of two general 
classes. First, there are those which are due to a freer action of 
various atmospheric agencies on the denuded forest floor. These ma}^ 
be exhibited either in the form of a very decided desiccation of previ- 
ously humid or subhumid areas, as regards the quantity of moisture 
retained in the upper layers of the soil throughout the growing season, 
or they may take the form of a rapid transfer of soil and rock 
debris from higher to lower levels. In the latter of these cases an 
accelerated and unimpeded drainage is the chief factor. 

The second class of the general after-effects of fires consists in changes 
in the forest growth. These changes are of all degrees and are often 
exceedingly complicated. They depend upon the more or less com- 
plete destruction of the previouslj' existing forest and very largely 
upon changes in the average annual soil humidity of the forest floor. 
The average annual soil humidity is, along isotheriual and isohyetal 
lines, the most important factor in determining the composition of the 
forest in any particular district. It is subject to almost infinite varia- 
tions, which as often depend on the chemical and mechanical composi- 
tion of the soil as on the annual precipitation. Any interference with 
the annual ratio of soil humidity beyond certain points gives rise to 
variations in the composition of the forest on tracts where the inter- 
ference has taken place. It is precisely what happens iA the ditching 
and draining of a piece of low ground, for example, where, as the 
desiccation progresses, new plants tolerant of drier soil conditions 
come in and supplant the lowland or marsh forms of vegetation which 
formerly flourished there. 

Widespread and intense forest fires powerfully afl'ect the annual 
ratio of soil humidity on the areas burned over. To this fact is due 
the often strange and otherwise inexplicable changes in vegetation 
which occur on such tracts. The supplanting of humid forest types 



LEiBKKG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 281 

with sul)humid ones or the ehang-e of forest to hnish growth is there- 
fore not always to be sought in climatic changes, l)ut is often due to 
local disturbances in the soil moisture ratio. Such changes may be 
either evanescent or permanent. When permanent they are probably 
due to climatic changes involving aridic tendencies. We may in such 
cases suppose that the balance between forest and brush or between 
brush and herbaceous vegetation had reached an equilibrium where 
the slightest push toward arid or semiarid or subhumid typos of 
growth was sufficient to tilt the balance beyond recover}" to those con- 
ditions. In the region under consideration, as well as in many other 
places on the Pacific slope, it is evident that forest fires have supplied 
the requisite push. 

On certain of the areas discussed in this report a special effect 
of forest fires is noticeaV)le. It consists in the total destruction of 
every particle of soil composing the forest floor down to the hard, 
undecomposed lava rock. Examples of this occur in the region just 
south of Mount Pitt, where much of the bed rock consists of Vavh flows 
of no great age. The soil which covers these recent lava streams often 
is wholly composed of decayed vegetable debris with no admixture of 
decomposed or comminuted rock. When fire sweeps over a tract of 
this kind there is nothing left behind but the bare lava rock; the soil, 
which has required centuries for its formation and accumulation, is 
burned away completely. Cases of this kind are found in many places 
along the summit of the main range of the Cascades. They are espe- 
ciallv numerous and conspicuous in the region between Mount Pitt 
and ]Mount Brown, the latter an extinct volcanic cone a few miles south 
of Pitt; on the southern slopes of Union Peak; on the lava ridges at 
the head of Cherry Creek in T. 34 S., R. 5 E. ; and on the lava plateau 
to the west of Lost Peak in T. 35 S., R. 5 E. Many of the lava flows 
on these areas have always been bare and devoid of vegetation since 
they were ejected from the now extinct craters which dot the region, 
but l)y far the greater number were covered with a layer of hunuis 
soil when the white man came into the country. Stripped of soil, 
brush, and forest cover they present an extremely rough and desolate 
aspect, and many centuries must necessarily pass before sufficient soil 
can acciunulate again to support a brush or tree growth. 

The ett'ects of forest fires in their relation to the accelerated transfer 
of soil and rock de])ris from higher to lower levels are noticeable 
everywhere throughout the region, but are not ver}' conspicuous out- 
side the pumice-covered areas. Owing to the extremelj^ ligfit, loose, 
and porous nature of this material, but little force is required to move 
great quantities long distances in a brief period of time. At the 
sources of the North Fork of Rogue River, in the main range of the 
Cascades, where the pumice debris is many hundreds of feet in thick- 
ness and where the forest has been burned awav to the extent of 60 to 



282 FOREST RESERVES. 

70 per cent, the increase in the ratio of surface degradation due to for- 
est fires is conspicuous enough to arrest the attention of any observer. 
The numerous small affluents which form the main fork of the river 
lie here, for portions of their length, in deep canyons wholly exca- 
vated in the loose, tine pumice. The timber and brush which formerly 
grew on the canyon slopes and protected them against too rapid wastage 
are burned away. As a consequence, great masses of pumice are con- 
stantly sliding into the streams, the current in the river is at all times, 
except in winter, loaded with vast quantities of pumice, and the 
terminations of the canyons are rapidly extending eastward into the 
broad pumice plateau which forms the crest of the main range of 
the Cascades between Union Peak and Diamond Lake. The transpor- 
tation to the lowlands and the deposition there of the fine pumice is 
not especially detrimental to any interest, but the destruction and 
removal from the upper slopes of the Cascades of the enormous water 
sponge of absorbent pumice sand, hundreds of feet in thickness, and 
the exposure of the underlying hard and often impervious lava can not 
fail to exert a deleterious influence upon the regimen of the streams 
heading in the region. 

A remarkable and striking example of surface denudation in a level 
region, due to the destruction of the protective covering of brush and 
timber, and extending over a long period of time, occurs in T. 33 S., 
R. 13 E. The country here is a level or gently rolling region border- 
ing Sycan River, and originally was evidently covered with a deep, 
uniform deposit of fine pumice, resting on rough, hard, impervious 
lava. The aspect of the region at the present time is that of narrow 
belts of timber stretching across areas of rough, barren, or thinly 
grassed lava fields. The belts of forest represent tracts that have 
escaped destruction by fire, and where, in consequence, the pumice, 
which is the chief soil component of the region, still remains. The 
rocky and barren areas are due to the burning of the forest and 
the subsequent exposure to unimpeded action of the various natural 
denuding agencies. At the present time fires occasionally run 
and destroy sections of the timber belts in this localit3^ Where 
such destruction takes place, there is a comparatively rapid wastage of 
the pumice, with the unavoidable change to a hard, sterile surface 
of rough lava. The rock which here underlies the pumice is a poor 
retainer or absorber of water. The water from the melting snow in 
spring and what falls as rain at other times throughout the j'ear runs 
ofi^ with extreme rapidity, and but for the surrounding mountains the 
region would be a desert during a larger portion of the year, so far 
as regards the water suppl3^ 

There is little doubt that a very large proportion of the many rocky, 
level tracts which occur east of the Cascades in the region under con- 
sideration are wholly due, as to the character of their present surface. 



LEiBERfi.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 283 

to frequently repeated fires. The pumice originally laid down at the 
bottoms of shallow lakes would be evenly spread out. As the lakes 
were being gradually drained thick masses of marsh vegetation would 
preserve the pumice surface from wastage. The marsh vegetation 
was finally supplanted by forest; then man came on the scene and with 
fire as an ally made some profound changes. The entire series of 
phenomena here detailed, not omitting the part played by fire, are in 
fuTl operation at the present time in the region bordering Klamath 
Marsh, and in various other localities, such as Sycan Marsh and tracts 
bordering the Klamath lakes. 

The pumice-covered region which is situated on the summits, slopes, 
and in the canyons of the Cascades, together with the level tracts east 
of the range, which likewise bear a surface deposit of the same 
material, comprise in the aggregate a very large area. Here the 
pumice not alone fulfills the oflice of soil; it is, besides, a huge water 
sponge, possessing enormous absorptive powers. Much of it exists in 
a finely comminuted state, and unless held in place by spreading roots 
of strong growing vegetation, or protected by a dense, tough turf, its 
denudation down to the underlying bed rock by rains and the water 
from melting snows is certain. On steep slopes the action is rapid; on 
level plains it is slow, but no less sure. Its action as an absorbent and 
retainer of precipitation is, perhaps, of little importance in the plains 
region cast of the Cascades, so far as it relates to the regimen of the few 
streams that head in those tracts, but it is of great importance to the 
flow of the streams which head on the slopes and on the summit of the 
Cascades, in the region where this deposit attains its greatest thick- 
ness. An}' agenc\', such as forest fires, much grazing, or trampling of 
stock, that destroys the stability of the pumice slope or level, accel- 
erates in a high degree the ratio of pumice denudation. Evidence 
proving this to be true exists ever3'where at the head of the streams 
in the pumice belt along the tracks of the great fires, and throughout 
the more extensivelv pastured sheep ranges and runs. The remedy 
must be sought in protecting the forest cover from fire and in regula- 
tions to restrict the unlimited pasturing of stock on the pumice-covered 
areas. 

The second class of the general after-effects which follow forest fires 
consist in the more or less complete permanent or temporary changes 
which take place in the composition of the forest. There are a luuu- 
ber of conditions created b}' the fires which combine to cause such 
changes, but my observations confirm my belief that to changes in 
the ratio of soil humidit}' must be ascribed most of the variations 
observed in reforestations after fires. As a rule, destruction of the 
forest upon an 3^ area by fire, no matter what the direction of exposure 
may be, tends to the production of drier soil conditions (1) by inducing 
increased evaporation and (2) by accelerating the surface drainage. 



2cS4 FOREST RESERVES. 

The result is that species of trees, or in fact any kind of vegetation 
whicli can exist on the diminished ratio of soil humidity, will, on such 
tracts, prin'ail in numbers and volume over forms of vegetation 
requiring more soil moisture for their growth. 

In the region under consideration the proposition outlined above 
holds good in every case where an}' considerable area has been com- 
pletely or nearly denuded b}'^ fire. Thus, on the summit and on the 
higher slopes of the Cascades from Diamond Lake southward to the 
north end of Lake of the Woods are verv large reforestations of lodo-e- 
pole pine, 80 to 95 per cent pure. The lodgepole pine has replaced a 
former forest of alpine hemlock and noble tir destroyed by fire. But 
although a great man}' seed trees of these species escaped destruction 
they have failed to reproduce themselves on the burned-over areas for 
no other reason than failure of their seeds to germinate on the dried- 
out forest floor. On adjacent areas in these same districts, where the 
natural seepage or soil moisture was not seriouslv interfered with, 
there are abundant reforestations of alpine hemlock and noble fir. 
ileforestations of lodgepole pine are of a transient character at high 
elevations in the southern Cascades. After a longer or shorter period 
of time the soil in stands of lodgepole pine regains its former ratio of 
moisture. This is proved by the occurrence of reforestations of lodge- 
pole pine, which are giving wa}' to species requiring a higher ratio of 
soil humidity. The more common species which replace lodgepole 
pine stands at the higher elevations are alpine hemlock and noble fir; 
at lower levels white and red fir, while in the upper canyons of the 
South Fork of Rogue River, Engelmann spruce is sometimes found 
replacing old. mature, and decaying growths. On the levels as Avell as 
on the momitain areas east of the Cascades, where the normal forest 
growth is chiefly yellow pine with small admixtures of sugar pine and 
white fir, reforestations after fires are nearly always pure growths of 
lodgepole pine. But in the yellow-pine areas of Ts. 41, 40, and 39 S., 
Rs. 4 to E., inclusive, reforestations after fires are not composed of 
lodgepole pine. Reforestations here are yellow pine, red and white 
fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar; in short, the same species again come 
in which flourished before the fire. The reason for the difference 
between the two localities lies chiefl}^ in the fact that east of the 
Cascades the soil is largely pumice or has considerable pumice in its 
composition, a soil which, when freely exposed to the direct rays of 
the sun. rapidly parts with its moisture to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, while 
the soil in the townships enumerated is of a dift'erent quality and is 
tenaciously retentive of moisture. 

Reforestations after fires at middle elevations on the western slopes 
of the Cascades and in the more humid sections on the eastern slope, 
between 5.000 and 6,000 feet, are extremely varied and complex. 
But, although we can not express the determining factor of these 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




PART OF SOUTHERN OREGON SIR 
Prepared undei- the direction of 1 



BY vJOH; 



'^^^^^-. 



2 4 « 



White fir 



Contour ill 
1 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL.LXXX 




JULIUS BIEN SCO Lim 



iTING DTSTRIBrTIO^^ OF MHITE FIR 

Ity Oajinett.rieoiiiiiplun' in chcU^ge 

[LEIBKRC. 

tie 



I'al 500 feet 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 285 

changes in definite figures and tornis, for Avaiit of sufrK-jcnt <)}),s(n-va- 
tions, there can be little doubt that all the modifications and varia- 
tions in the forest composition after fires are du(^ liere as elsewhere to 
changes in the annual ratio of soil humidity. At least this explana- 
tion will suffice to account for much the largcM- pi-ojiortion of the 
phenomena involved in reforestations in this region. 

Fires in the mixed growth or in timber stands where the red fir pre- 
dominates are frequently followed by great masses of white-fir seed- 
lings, which develop into heavy and dense forest stands, and occupy 
the ground for a century or more. An example of this kind occurs in 
T. 37 S., R. 5 E. We here have a forest composed almost wholly of 
white fir, in the midst of which rise here aiul there huge veterans 
of red fir -iOO to 500 years old. The white fir is a reforestation, a 
hundred years old, following a l)urn which destroyed a mixed growth 
in which red fir largely predominated. Notwithstanding the fact that 
large numbers of seed trees of red fir escaped destruction, this species 
was quite unable again to occupy the ground as the first forest growth 
after the fire. 

In the region around the eastern base of Mount Pitt, along the upper 
limit of the growth of the red fir, reforestations sometimes come in 
which are almost wholly composed of white pine. This species, while 
a normal component of the mixed growth in the upper subhumid and 
the lower humid areas of this region, occurs only as scattered trees 
barely holding their 'own among the surrounding masses of red. noble, 
and white firs. Its sudden ascendancy on certain burned-over tracts 
is wholly inexplicable. It is not owing to a preponderance of seed 
trees, for seed trees of the various firs are always much more numerous. 
Nor is it owing to tolerance, for there are man}^ other burned-over 
places just as open and free from shade, where adjacent seed trees 
of the white pine are quite as plentiful. In the south-central areas of 
T. 33 S., R. 3 E., occur similar reforestations of white pine following 
burned stands of red and white firs. Here as elsewhere the white-pine 
seed trees were in the minority, white and red firs predominating. 

The central areas of Ts. 31 and 32 S., R. 3 E., carry dense stands of 
old-growth forest, normally composed of a preponderance of red fir 
with varying percentages of white fir, western hemlock, white pine, 
sugar pine, and yellow^ pine forming the remainder. The soil is a 
pumice detritus resting on vesicular, much fissured lava; 4ience in a 
condition to part with its moisture readily and quickly. The solidity 
of this old growth is broken in many places by old burns more or less 
completely reforested. The reforestations are mostly, and sometimes 
wholly, composed of yellow pine, although this species forms under 
normal conditions the smallest percentage of any of the trees in the 
surrounding old-growth forest. Where the yellow-pine reforesta- 
tions have reached an age of 200 years and upw^ard, the yellow pine is 



286 FOKEST KESEKVES. 

giving- way to the encroaching red-iir growth. Where fires of modern 
date have buraed away the yellow-pine reforestations in these places, 
lodgepole pine or brush growths have taken possession. 

While no absolute rule can be formulated to cover all the various 
phenomena in reforestations after tires, it can nevertheless be said that 
as a general and broad rule the following is applicable to the forest 
conditions in this region outside the pure yellow-pine growths on the 
eastern side of the Cascades: The tendency of all reforestations after 
fires in the humid and subhumid forest types is to iorm pure-growih 
stands of the species naturally occurring in the region, the condition 
or ratio of soil humidity, an ever-varying factor, determining the par- 
ticular species. The abundance or scarcity of seed trees and the degree 
of tolerance possessed b}^ the various species are factors of trifling 
importance. 

Growths after fires on the eastern side of the Cascades in pure yellow- 
pine forest may either be brush or timber. When timber, the refor- 
estations are usually lodgepole pine. Sometimes the growth is a nearly 
pure stand of white fir. This happens on slopes and flats so situated 
that they become the recipients of an extra amount of seepage due to 
accelerated drainage from burned-over tracts at higher levels. Brush 
growths after fires are due to induced semiarid conditions. Many of 
the yellow-pine stands east of the Cascades abut upon areas where 
semiarid or almost true arid conditions obtain. The balance between 
subhumid and semiarid states often is so nicely adjusted that but a 
slight change of equilibrium is necessary to eflfect a permanent change. 
Where, in such places, fire has lessened the ratio of soil humidity, per- 
manent brush growths usually take the place of the forest. In the big 
lodgepole-pine reforestations bordering Sycan and Klamath marshes, 
fires usually leave permanent open areas on which a scant grass growth or 
scattered brush of semiarid types of vegetation maintains a precarious 
existence. 

On the western side of the Cascades there are comparatively few areas 
carrying pure stands of yellow pine. Most of the yellow-pine growth 
is more or less mixed with varying proportions of red fir. Fires in the 
lower and drier areas of this type of forest are commonly followed by 
increased growth of various kinds of ceanothus, manzanita, and brush- 
like or truly arborescent forms of madrona {Arbutus menziesil). Some- 
times in the upper areas of the subhumid and in the lower portions of 
the humid tracts fires, instead of being followed by reforestations, give 
rise to enormously dense brush growths. Tracts of this sort are found 
in scattered patches everywhere along the middle elevations on the 
western side of the Cascades, and throughout the Siskiyou Range in 
the region examined. The most conspicuous examples occur from 
Mount Pitt northward, in Ts. 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, and 30 S., E. 4 E. 
The forest, previous to the burns, which are of recent origin, consisted 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 287 

chiefly of red, white, and noble Urs. On a nearly continuous area 
comprising 58,600 acres the forest has })een })urned to the extent of 98 
per cent, and has been supplanted by brush growths which have every 
appearance of permanency (mi the larger proportion of the area. The 
southern half of the bui'ned district carries the densest stands of brush; 
in the northern the growths are more scattered. In the former the 
brush is composed of shrubby chinquapin, service berry, manzanita, 
scrub oaks, vellum-leaved ceanothus, Garrya^ and willow. In the latter 
of huckleberry, blackberry, and various species of ceanothus. The 
northern areas contain a patch here and there which shows feeble signs 
of reforestation. The southern tracts present solid masses of brush, 
comparable to the chaparral slopes in southern California, but even 
more impassable than they. The brush growths are mostly on slopes 
facing the west or the south; exactly the situations in which the 
lowering of soil humidity would be most severely felt. 

In T. -iO S., R. 3 E., are large brush-covered tracts following the 
destruction of a nearly pure growth of red tir. The brush is largely 
composed of Ceanothus sanguineus. 

It is, of course, impossible to say with absolute certainty that forest 
will never again replace such brush growths. Situated as the}^ are, 
within zones of medium precipitation, the chances are naturally favor- 
able for a return of the forest. But these brush growths are at least 
80 years old, and as yet exhibit no evidence of change. We may there- 
fore conclude with a great deal of certainty, that although a return 
to forest may be the ultimate destiny of these firmly established brush 
growths the event will be very long dela3"ed. In T. 33 S., R. 3 E., 
occurs a number of stands of very old madrona scattered among a mas- 
sive old-growth forest chiefly composed of red fir. with smaller pro- 
portions of white pine, sugar pine, western hemlock, and Pacific 3'ew. 
The madroiia is not a tolerant tree. Its chief place is among open j^el- 
low-pine and red-fir stands, or alone in thickets of manzanita or mixed 
with oak copses. Yet in this locality we find it growing in company 
with such trees as the Pacific yew, the most tolerant tree in the arboreal 
flora of the north Pacific slope. The only explanation which suggests 
itself is this: That ages ago the present growth of red fir was preceded 
by brush growths or scattered stands of yellow pine, supposedly due 
to fires changing the soil humidity. During this period of subhumidity 
or semiaridity the madroiia may have come into the flora in this locality, 
persisting throughout the changes involving a return to greater ratios 
of soil humidity. The madroiia in this locality is composed of old trees. 
Several were observed 75 feet in height and 2 feet in diameter. The 
reproduction of it here has practicalh' ceased. If the supposition now 
advanced to account for the presence of the madrona in such an incon- 
gruous place of growth be the true one, there is at least a basis for the 
further supposition that the vast and denseh" brush-covered tracts 



288 FOREST RESERVES. 

stretching northward from Mount Pitt along the higher flanks of the 
Cascades ma}' likewise again recover their former forested condition. 

Another after-effect of tires consists in the substitution of grass- 
covered tracts for the former forest cover. This feature may be 
observed everywhere along the upper slopes and summits of the Cas- 
cades and the Siskiyous in this region. The growth is often grass, 
but much more commonly it is low-growing mountain sedges or a mix- 
ture of both. Where soil humidity permits, the growth becomes 
matted and forms a more or less continuous turf. More often it is 
scattered either in circumscribed patches or in isolated tufts. The 
sedges usually form the turfy places while the grasses occur in isolated 
bunches, or both sedges and grasses grow in tufts, depending on what 
species make up the growth. These grassed-over places are, and have 
been, of commercial importance since the upper plateaus and summits 
of the Cascades began to be utilized for sheep pastures. All of these 
pastures and meadows which owe their origin to tires are merely tem- 
porary affairs. If suffered to remain undisturbed by further fires Ihey 
will return to forest cover. Around Diamond and Crater lakes the 
grassy places are slowly giving way to stands of lodgepole pine as the 
primary reforestation. On the lava plateaus flanking the crest of the 
range in Ts. 34: and 35 S., R. 5 E., grassy places created by fires 
before the advent of the white man have, in course of time, become 
covered with thick stands of lodgepole pine, now mature and giving 
way to stands of noble fir and alpine hemlock. During the first 
reforestation of lodgepole pine the grass and sedge may persist until 
the crop of this species matures and gives way to other kinds of trees, 
but with the advent of the noble fir and the alpine hemlock the grass, 
and sedge growth commonly disappears. 

A noticeable feature in connection with the after-effects of forest 
fires in the yellow-pine type of forest is the suppression of under- 
growth and of seedling trees. The ^-ellow pine is by all odds the best 
fire-resisting tree in the sylvn of the North Pacific slope. Repeated 
conflagrations may run through stands of the yellow-pine type with- 
out serious damage to the older trees of this species, provided 
the litter and humus be not too great. But the fires, even should 
the}'^ be of no great force or intensity, work irreparable injury to 
the seedling trees. On the eastern side of the Cascades, especially, 
fires have run through the yellow-pine timber many times. The 
absence or relative scarcity of young growth and underbrush is here 
very noticeable and striking. Much of the region examined east of 
the Cascades is included within the boundaries of the Klamath Indian 
Reservation, and the red man has therefore been under no particular 
restraint in the matter of burning his timber. In late years it seems 
to have dawned on his intelligence that good yellow pine may have 
some value after all. and in consequence fires are set much less 



I.EIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 289 

frequently than formerly, witli the result that where the forest has 
enjoyed freedom from tire for a number of years seedling and sapling- 
trees of the yellow pine are springing up in the greatest abundance. 

Having traced the more salient effects of tires, so far as they are 
connected with the reproduction and composition of the forest, there 
remains to l)e noticed the results of tires as affecting the value of the 
timber for commercial purposes on tracts w^hich have been subjected 
to a more or less intense and destructive conflagration. 

The amount of damage to the mill timber in a forest stand in this 
region which may be wrought l)y a Are varies cc^nsiderably. It may 
run as low as 1 per cent in stands of yellow pine, or it may rise so high 
in stands of mixed growth that it practically amounts' to total destruc- 
tion. In this report a certain area has been segregated under the term 
''badly" burned. It comprises the tracts upon which the mill timber 
has been burned away entirely or to the extent of 7.5 per cent. Out 
of a total of 2,075,000 acres fire marked in this region 19.5 per cent. (»r 
587,000 acres, are badly ])urned. 

It is, of course, impossible to say with absolute certainty that so and 
so many million feet were destroyed in these fires, because we can not 
now ascertain the original density of the forest on the burned-o\'er 
areas. Especially is this the case on the tracts termed badly ])urned. 
But assuming that the fire-swept areas were timbered as heavy propor- 
tionately as those that remain, it is safe to reckon the destruction as 
equal to 35 per cent of the standing timber, as estimated by the stand- 
ard of '"Michigan practice." Expressed in feet B. M. it amounts to 
7,000 million in round numbers. This estimate is conservative, and 
errs, if at all, in placing it too low\ As a rule, the areas upon which 
the destruction has been total, or approximately so, are situated in the 
heaviest timl)er, or are in localities wdiere the heaviest timber would 
be expected to occur. Thus along the upper and middle slopes of the 
U-mpqua ridges are many tracts which, before the fires, carried 60,000 
to 70,000 feet of mill timber per acre. On some the timber is all dead, 
or practically so; on others there are 10,000 to 15,000 feet remaining. 
The dead timber still stands and can readily be estimated. On the 
other hand, in the yellow-pine stands the damage has not been so great. 
In this type of forest much red fir has undoubtedly been destroyed on 
the western side of the Cascades and much white fir on the eastern 
side of the range, if we may judge ])y the nonforested brush-covered 
spots so common throughout the yellow-pine stands in many localities, 
but the chief damage consists in the extensive searing and scarring of 
the yellow pine in the lower half of the trunk, the most valuable por- 
tion of the tree. 

Of the 7,000 million feet of mill timber destroyed, 5 per cent, or 850 
million feet, can clearly be traced as the work of Indians— at least most 
of it has been burned on the areas embraced within the boundaries of 

21 GEOL, PT 5 19 



290 FOREST RESERVES. 

the Klamath Reservation, and the inference that fires in this region 
were set by the Indians is full}^ warranted. The baUmce, or 6,500 
million feet, can safely be charged against the white man. 

To summarize the fire destruction in the region under consideration, 
it may be said that, not including clearings for purposes of settle- 
ments, the timber on 3 million acres, a total of 7,000 million feet of 
merchantable mill timber, has been destroyed within the past thirty- 
five or fort}" 3"ears. 

The amount of damage inflicted on growing timber by a fire depends 
chiefly on the three following factors: (1) The time of the year in 
which the fire burns; (2) the quantity of litter or humus on the forest 
floor; (3) the fire-resisting capacity of the different species of trees. In 
the region under consideration the comparative lack of the second of 
these factors plays the chief role. Humus, as applied to a layer of 
decaying vegetable debris on the forest floor, is not, as a rule, of any 
great depth in the forests of these regions. In stands of the yellow- 
pine type it is a mere thin sprinkling of pine needles. In stands of 
red fir or mixed growth it is from 2 inches to 3, or, rarely, 4 inches in 
depth, but is reinforced by a more or less abundant litter of broken 
trees and branches, naturally shed or torn off by snow or wind. To 
the light humus layer and the small quantity of litter, more than to 
any other cause, is due the preservation of the forest from total 
destruction on these areas. Had there been, for example, the same 
depth of humus and an equal quantity of litter as in the timbered areas 
of northern Idaho the region would have been practically deforested 
by this time. It is not due to lack of fires that any timber remains. 

The manner in which fire affects the individual tree varies with the 
fire-resisting capacity of the species. Here, as elsewhere, the yellow 
pine both as an individual and as a species stands at the head of the 
list. A fire in stands of this species runs rapidly, burns low, and with 
no great intensity owing to the extremely light humus cover. So 
long as the thick bark, which is a characteristic feature of the species, 
remains intact, the tree is tolerably safe, but sooner or later, either 
through the effects of repeated fires or through some accidental injury 
opening the bark and causing an exudation of resin, fire finds its way 
into the trunk and produces a fire sear or sear. Each subsequent fire 
enlarges the burned spot until the tree finally succumbs. The yellow 
pine in the stands east of the Cascades is much more resinous than on 
the western slopes, and is therefore much more exposed to destruction 
by fire. The custom of the Indians of peeling the yellow pine at 
certain seasons of the year to obtain the cambium layer which they 
use for food, is in some localities a fruitful contributory cause toward 
destruction of the yellow pine by fire. They do not carr}" the peeling 
process far enough to girdle the tree, but they remove a large enough 



I.EIBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 291 

piece of hark to iiiuke a gaping wound which never heals over and 
which furnishes an excellent entrance for lir(\ Throughout the 
forests on the Klamath Reservation trees barked in this manner are 
very common. Along the eastern margin of Klamath ]Marsli they 
are found by the thousands. 

The stands of yellow pine which occur so plentifully along the 
middle elevations on the western slopes of the Cascades are rarely 
pure growths, but are more or less mixed with othei- species, among 
which red and white lirs form a large percentage. These kinds com- 
monly occur in scattered aggregations and have not nearly the fire- 
resisting capacity which distinguishes the yellow pine. When a fire 
comes along such aggregations become centers for very hot fires, 
which easily wipe out the adjacent yellow pine. The greatest menace 
to the yellow-pine forest west of the Cascades, outside of logging 
practices, is found in these scattered aggregations of poor fire- resist- 
ing trees. 

The sugar pine has not the fire endurance possessed by the yellow 
pine. Its usual habitat among masses of red and white fir contributes 
to its destruction. The root system and the lower portion of the 
trunk are far more resinous than the balance of the tree and are 
therefore the most vulnerable. In stands of sugar pine swept by fire 
one ahvays finds large numbers of trees of this species prostrate on 
the ground, the lower 6 or 8 feet of the trunk burned away and great 
gaping holes in the ground where the fire has followed the root system. 
Often only the heartwood burns out in the lower 8 or 10 feet and one 
sees huge trees 6 to 8 feet in diameter standing on a few thin stilts of 
sapwood. Forest fires are especially destructive to this species, not 
alone in the burning of the large and mature growth, but also because 
the tree appears incapable of reproducing itself to any great extent 
on burned-over areas, if one may judge from the few seedlings grow- 
ing on such tracts. 

The white pine is easily destroyed by fire. Its bark is thin, its fire 
endurance is low, and it always grows where the stands of other 
species are dense and where the forest flooi- is covered with a maxi- 
mum of humus and litter. There is butjittle of the species in the 
region. Freedom from fires will enlarge its range to some extent; 
the reverse will contract it with the result that the species will ulti- 
mateh' become extinct in this region. 

The lodgepole pine resists fire poorly. The variety which has its 
habitat on dry ground is the worst in this respect; the swamp variety 
has greater endurance, but neither of them possesses it in any consid- 
erable degree. The bark is thin and in the upland variety plentifully 
supplied with small resin particles. Fires most generally kill the tree 
by burning the ])ark and the foliage. The trunk remains standing 
until wind and snow throw it down. 



292 FOREST RESERVES. 

The red fir endures tire to a moderate degree. The mature tree has 
a greater power in this respect than has the sapling or middle-aged 
individual. This is due, as much as to any other cause, to the cir- 
cumstance that in the young and middle-aged tree the resin vesicles in 
the bark are surficial or nearly so, while in the veterans the resin 
vesicles have become obliterated or are sunk so deeply in the bark on 
the lower portion of the trunk that the heat of an ordinary forest tire 
is not suflicient to flame them. The red tir has sufiered severely from 
both ancient and modern fires. While at the present time it covers a 
larger area on the western side of the Cascades than any other single 
species, it formerly was even more abundant. The restriction of its 
area is partly due to forest fires, which have promoted the growth of 
other species, chiefly the white fir, at the expense of the former red-fir 
tracts. Its reproduction, while abundant enough on certain areas, is 
3^et, on the whole, indefinite. A burned-over red-fir tract is almost as 
likely to grow up to a stand of white fir as to the other. 

The white fir resists fire poorly, being in this respect on a par with 
the sfreat silver fir of the reoions farther northward. As a matter of 
fact there are no essential difl'erences between the great silver fir and 
the white fir as it grows here, either botanically or in the timber 
qualities or in its general vegetative behavior. Like the red tir, the 
young white tir is more susceptible to tire than are the veterans, and 
for the very same reason, namely, the relative position of the resin 
vesicles of the bark. The white tir has been badly burned both on 
the eastern and on the western slopes of the range. In tires among 
stands of timber where it forms any considerable percentage of the 
growth it is sure to sufi'er more damage in proportion to its numbers 
than any of the other species. Its reproduction is generally good, but 
in some localities on the eastern side of the range, as T. 32 S.. R. 6 E., 
brush growths are replacing burned or partially burned stands of the 
white tir. 

The noble tir holds an intermediate position between the red and 
white firs as regards its fire-resisting capacity. Its tendency is toward 
small aggregations in the midst of mixed growths of other species; 
but occasionally one meets with considerable stands of nearly pure 
growth, as along the higher elevations of the Siskiyou Mountains, in 
T. 41 S.. R. 2 W. to 1 E., inclusive. The habit of the species of grow- 
ing in such clumps or dense aggregations invites more certain destruc- 
tion by fire than would be the case if it grew singly or scattered. Its 
reproduction after fires is moderate or below the average of the other 
species of firs. 

The alpine hemlock succumbs easily to fire. Except in very old 
individuals the bark is thin and is easily scorched beyond recovery. 
Its habit of growth inclines strongly toward stands and groupings of 
pure growth or nearly so. Often, however, it forms a mixed growth. 



iKiBKK.^.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 293 

with the iiohk^ tir us the other chief component. These groupings 
and mixtures aid in its destruction by fire. Trees of the species have 
the remarkable habit, after being fire killed, of first decaying half way 
between the top and the ground. This causes the upper portion of 
the tree to break off with the first strong wind, and there soon piles 
up a vast (luantity of highly inflammable litter, which, insures the 
complete destruction of all forest on that area when tire reaches it. 
The destruction that has been wrought in the mixed stands of no))le fir 
and alpine hendock has been enormous. Especially has this been the 
case on the upper slopes of the Rogue River-Umpciua divide, where 
heavy growths of such mixed stands frequently carr}^ as much as 
70,<»0() feet B. M. merchantable timber per acre. Many such tracts 
on the Umpqua ridges have been laid waste by conflagrations of modern 
times, which have left nothing of the former forest but dead and 
blackened stumps. 

The western hemlock and Engelmann spruce are both thin-barked 
trees and stand fire poorly. They are not abundant in the region, 
and as their reproductive powers are not very good the area oc-cu- 
pied by them is continually being restricted by successive fires. 

The incense cedar is deficient in fire-resisting qualities. The larger 
and even the younger trees of the species are almost always rotten at 
the core. If Are gains entrance to the dry, punky interior the tree is 
destroyed. 

The madrona succumbs easily to fire. It, however, springs up 
again from the root. 

The oaks in the region resist fire well, notwithstanding the fact that 
more than 50 per cent have a rotten and hollow interior. Their ability 
to withstand Are is, however, more largely due to environment than to 
inherent qualities. Their growth is always open and scattered and 
their habitat is along the lowest elevations, where there is a minimum 
of combustible material on the ground to support a hot and lasting fire. 

CASCADE RAN^GE FOREST RESERVE AI^I) ADJACEIS^T 

REGIOXS. 

BOUNDARIES OF CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE. 

Beginning at the meander corner at the intersection of the range hne between 
ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, township two (2) north, Willamette meridian, 
Oregon, with the mean high-water mark on the south bank of the Columbia River 
in said State, thence northeasterly along said mean high-water mark to its intersection 
with the township line between townships two (2) and three (3) north; thence 
easterly along said township line to the northeast corner of township two (2) north, 
range eight (8) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges eight (8) 
and nine (9) east, to the southwest corner of township two (2) north, range nine (9) 
east; thence westerly along the township line between townships one (1) and two 
(2) north, to the northw^est corner of township one (1) north, range nine (9) east; 
thence southerly along the range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) east, to 



294 FOKEST RESEEVES. 

the southwest corner of township one (1) north, range nine (9) east; thence easterly 
along the base line to the northeast corner of township one (1) south, range ten (10) 
east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges ten (10) and eleven (11) 
east, to the southeast corner of township four (4) south, range ten (10) east; thence 
westerly along the township line between townships four (4) and five (5) south, to 
the southwest corner of township four (4) south, range nine (9) east; thence south- 
erly along the west boundary of township five (5) south, range nine (9) east, to its 
intersection with the west boundary of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation; 
thence southwesterly along said Indian reservation boundary to the southwest corner 
of said reservation; thence southeasterly along the south boundary of said Indian 
reservation to a point on the north line of section three (3), township twelve (12) 
south, range nine (9) east, where said boundary crosses the township line between 
townships eleven (11) and twelve (12) south, range nine (9) east; thence easterly to 
the northeast corner of township twelve (12) south, range nine (9) east; thence 
southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the south- 
east corner of township thirteen (13) south, range nine (9) east; thence westerly 
along the third (3rd) standard parallel south, to the northeast corner of township 
fourteen (14) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line 
between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the southeast corner of township 
fifteen (15) south, range nine (9) east; thence easterly along the third (3rd) standard 
parallel south, to the northeast corner of township sixteen (16) south, range nine (9) 
east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, 
to the southeast corner of township twenty (20) south, range nine (9) east; thence 
easterly along the fourth (4th) standard parallel south, to the northeast corner 
of township twenty-one (21) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along 
the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the southeast corner of 
township twenty -three (23) south, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the 
township line between townships twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24) south, to 
the southeast corner of township twenty-three (23) south, range six (6) east; thence 
southerly along the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the 
southwest corner of township twenty-five (25) south, range seven (7) east; thence 
westerly along the fifth (5th) standard parallel south, to the point for the northwest 
corner of township twenty-six (26) south, range seven (7) east; thence southerly 
along the surveyed and unsurveyed west boundaries of townships twenty-six ( 26 ) , 
twenty-seven (27), twenty-eight (28), twenty-nine (29), and thirty (30) south, to the 
southwest corner of toMmship thirty (30) south, range seven (7) east; thence westerly 
along the unsurveyed sixth (6th) standard parallel south, to the point for the north- 
west corner of township thirty-one (31) south, range seven and one-half (7^) east; 
thence southerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed west boundaries of townships 
thirty-one (31), thirty-two (32), and thirty-three (33) south, range seven and one- 
half (7i) east, to the southwest corner of township thirty-three (33) south, range 
seven and one-half (7^) east; thence easterly along the township line between town- 
ships thirty-three (33) and thirty -four (34) south, to the northeast corner of town- 
ship thirty-four (34) south, range six (6) east; thence southerly along the east 
boundaries of townships thirty-four (34) and thirty-five (35) south, range six (6) 
east, to the point of intersection of the east boundary of township thirty-five (35) 
south, range six (6) east, with the west shore of Upper Klamath Lake; thence along 
said shore of said lake to its intersection with the range line between ranges six (6) 
and seven (7) east, in township thirty-six (36) south; thence southerly along the 
range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the southeast corner of 
township thirty-seven (37) south, range six (6) east; thence westerly along the town- 
ship line between townships thirty-seven (37) and thirty-eight (38) south, to the 
southwest corner of township thirty-seven (37) south, range four (4) east; thence 
northerly along the range line'between ranges three {3) and four (4) east, to the 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLANP RP:SERVES. 295 

northwest corner of township thirty-six (36) south, range fnnr (4) east; thence 
easterly along the eighth (8th) standard parallel south, to the southwest corner of 
townshij) thirty-five (35) south, range four (4) east; thence northerly along the range 
line 1)etween ranges three (3) and four (4) east, to the southwest corner of town- 
shi}) thirty-one (31) south, range four (4) east; thence westerly along the township 
line between townships thirty-one (31) and thirty-two (32) south, to the southwest 
corner of township thirty-one (31) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along 
the surveyed and inisurveyed Willamette meridian to the northwest corner of town- 
ship twenty (20) south, range one (1) ea.st; thence easterly along the township line 
between townships nineteen (19) and twenty (20) south, to the northeast corner oi 
township twenty (20) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along the range 
line between ranges one (1) and two (2) east, to the northwest corner of township 
eighteen (18) south, range two (2) east; thence easterly along the township line 
between townships seventeen (17) and eighteen (18) south, to the southeast corner 
of township seventeen (17) south, range two (2) east; thence northerly along the 
range line between ranges two (2) and three (3) east, to the southwest corner of 
township seventeen (17) south, range three (3) east; thence easterly along the sur- 
veyed and unsurveyed township line between townships seventeen (17) and eighteen 
(18) south, to the point for the southeast corner of township seventeen (17) south, 
range four (4) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range 
line betw^een ranges four (4) and five (5) east, subject to the proper easterly or 
■westerly offsets on the third (3rd), second (2nd), and first (1st) standard jjarallels 
south, to the northwest corner of township five (5) south, range five (5) east; thence 
easterly along the township line between townships four (4) and five (5) south, to 
the southeast corner of township four (4) south, range six (6) east; thence northerly 
along the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the northwest 
corner of township four (4) south, range seven (7) east; thence easterly along the 
township line between townships three (3) and four (4) south, to the southwest 
corner of section thirty-four (34), township three (3) south, range seven (7) east; 
thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section line between sections 
thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), 
twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), nine (9) and 
ten (10), and three (3) and four (4), to the northwest corner of section three (3) of 
said township and range; thence easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed town- 
ship line between townships two (2) and three (3) south, to the point for the south- 
east corner of township two (2) south, range eight (8) east; thence northerly along 
the unsurveyed range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) east, to the south- 
east corner of township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; thence westerly along 
the township line between townships one (1) and two (2) south, to the southeast 
corner of section thirty-four (34), township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; 
thence northerly along the section line between sections thirty-four (34) and thirty- 
five (35), twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven (27), and twenty-two (22) and twenty- 
three (23), to the northeast corner of section twenty-two (22) ; thence westerly along 
the section line between sections fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), to the southeast 
corner of section sixteen (16); thence northerly on the section line between sections 
fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), to the point for the northeast corner of section sixteen 
(16); thence westerly along the section line betw-een sections nine (9) and sixteen 
(16) to the southeast corner of section eight (8) ; thence northerly along the section 
line between sections eight (8) and nine (9) and four (4) and five (5) to the north- 
west corner of section four (4), township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; thence 
easterly along the base line to the southeast corner of section thirty-three (33), town- 
ship one (1) north, range eight (8) east; thence along the unsurveyed section lines 
northerly to the point for the northeast corner of section thirty-three (33), westerly 
to the point for the northeast corner of section thirty-two (32), northerly to the 



296 FOREST RESERVES. 

point for the northeast ctjrner <tf flection eight (8), westerh- to the point for the south- 
west corner of section six (6); thence northerly along the unsurveyed range line 
between ranges seven (7) and eight (8) east, to the point for the northwest corner 
of township one (1) north, range eight (8) east; thence westerly along the unsur- 
veyed township line between townships one (1) and two (2) north, to the north- 
west corner of township one (1) north, range seven (7) east; thence northerly along 
the surveyed and unsurveyed range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, 
to the meander corner at its intersection with the mean high-watermark on the south 
bank of the Columbia River, the place of beginning. 

CHARACTER OF REGION. 

The area embraced in this examination covers 838,400 acres, situated 
within the boundaries of the Cascade Rang-e Forest Reserve. It com- 
prises most of the reserve south of the north line of T. 28 S., the 
exceptions being T. 28 S., Rs. 1, 2, and 3 E., and T. 29 S., Rs. 1 and 2 E. 

From the north line of T. 38 S., which forms the south boundary of 
the reserve, to the south line of T. 31 S. the reserve has a width of 18 
miles, comprising three ranges of townships, namely, 1, o, and 6 E., 
with the crest line of the Cascade Range nearly in the center of the 
area. North of the south line of T. 31 S. the boundaries of the reserve 
are extended westward to the Willamette meridian line and eastward 
a distance of about 1 miles, the westward enlargement covering the 
drainage from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide from the west line of 
T. 31 S. to the junction of the divide with the Cascade Range. 

The reserve in this region consists of rocky and mountainous tracts, 
with altitudes varying from 4,500 to nearly 10,000 feet above sea 
level. The Cascades and a portion of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, 
near its junction with the former range, are of volcanic origin, the 
crest lines studded at frequent intervals with extinct volcanic cones 
and peaks, the slopes covered with thick deposits of lava, some very 
ancient, some comparatively recent, and in many localities overlain hj 
vast sheets of line or coarse pumice ejected from nearbv vents. In the 
central and southern portions the Umpqua-Rogue River divide is of 
volcanic nature only in places, much of it Ijeing made up of the more 
ancient porphj^ry core which lies at the base of the Cascades. 

Most of the water flowing from the region linds its way into Rogue 
River. On the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide 
a small quantity empties into the South Umpqua. The western bound- 
aries of the reserve are so arranged that they very accurately cover 
the heads of all the more important affluents of the Rogue River 
system. South of T. 33 S. most of the streams head in very large 
springs, which suddenly burst out from under thick lava flows; north 
of that township the stream heads lie in marshy kreas or originate 
in small and scattered springs. The canyons are generally nar- 
row and rocky. The larger ones have repeatedly been dammed b}" 
lava flows, through which the streams have cut fresh channels, with 
resultant gorges and falls. In the pumice-covered areas many of the 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVfV 



TAil, (li T ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXXr 




A. LOGGING TRACKS AND LOAD, NEAR SNOW, T. 40 S R 5 E, 




i>' METHOD USED IN HAULING LOGS TO THE LOGGING RAILROAD AT SNOW, T 40 S., 

R. 5 E. 



LEiBFR(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 297 

• strefviiis lie in narrow canyons, sunk •iO(» to 500 feet in loose* puniiceous 
material. 

On the eastern side of the Cascades the reserve boundaries cover the 
heads of a number of small creeks. With the exception of Anna Creek 
and Wood River, none of them are of any importance. The waters of 
these two streams are utilized for irrigation purposes. 

The reo'ion is essentiallv a forested one. It contains a few heavih" 
timbered tracts, a considerable area, in the aggregate, lighth" forested, 
and large tracts that carry only thin and scattered groups of trees. 
With the exception of rocky tracts naturally Avithout soil, areas a])ove 
timber line, lake, and marshes, not a large area collectively, the thinlv 
wooded and nonforested tracts owe their origin in ninety-nine cases 
out of a hundred to forest fires. 

All of the three general forest types previously described in this 
report are found in the reserve. The yellow-pine type is sparingly 
represented. The red-fir and the alpine-hemlock types are abundant 
and of characteristic composition. 

The Cascade Range Forest Reserve in its entirety possesses extremely 
varied features of topography and forest conditions. Until more 
extended examinations shall have been made it can not be treated in 
a manner to satisfactorily show the correlation of its various portions. 
Pending such examination, the region covered in the field work dur- 
ing the season of 1899 is here described by minor subdivisions, the 
township having been chosen as the unit of area. 

In the tabulations of areal and timber estimates accompanying each 
township is to be noted that the term ""forested areas" includes all 
tracts carrying an arborescent growth, which, in many places where 
fires have badly burned the forest, is often very thin or scattering, or 
at subalpine elevations, where rocky soil and severe climatic conditions 
negative the existence of a continuous forest, consists of trees set far 
apart, with bare ground between. In the term "nonforested"" it has 
been the aim to include all tracts containing 20 acres and upward 
wholly bare of arborescent growth. Tracts with less than 20 acres are 
included under "forested areas" (PL LXXXI, A and B). 

detailed descriptions. 
Township 28 South, Range 5 East. 

This township is situated on the summit of the main range of the 
Cascades. Its southern and central portions consist of an almost level 
pumice plain. The northern sections comprise high ridges, which 
here and there rise into prominent peaks, all of which are.extinct vol- 
canic cones. These ridges and peaks constitute the junction point of 
the main range of the Cascades and the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 

The southern areas have no visible run-off. The northern dis- 
charge limited quantities of water partly by way of tributaries to 



298 FOEEST RESERVES. 

the South Umpqua, partl}^ into Diamond Lake, whence it finds its 
way to the North Umpqua. 

There are no agricultural lands, and no mineral-bearing areas are 
known in the township. 

The grazing lands consist of fire glades along the west shore of 
Diamond Lake, whose southern end barely touches the township. The 
glades constitute in part the great sheep ranges of the high Cascades, 
which extend northward from this and the next township on the east. 

The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type. The southern and central 
portions are covered with stands of lodgepole pine, all reforestations 
after fires and represer ^ative of all ages of burns from one hundred 
and fifty years ago up to the present time. There is no portion 
of these or of the heavier stands of alpine hemlock and noble fir 
in the northern sections of the township that have not been visited 
by fire within the past forty-five years. Reforestations consist 
wholly of lodgepole pine as the first growth. In some places on 
warm southern declivities brush growth comes in after fires. In 
other localities a grass and sedge sward covers the ground. It is 
clearly evident that many of the fires have been set for the pur- 
pose of promoting these grass growths and enlarging the possible 
sheep range. It is also noticeable that wherever fires have been kept 
down for four or five years there is a gradual return to forest and 
a disappearance of the grass. As before remarked, it is essential to 
the maintenance of the stability of the waterheads in the pumice- 
covered regions of the high Cascades that the pumice cover be dis- 
turbed as little as possible. To this end reforestations should be 
encouraged in every possible manner, even at the expense of destroying 
the grass and sedge swards by allowing the forest to regain possession. 

The mill timber is of poor quality and is confined to the northern 
sections of the township, where it is inaccessible for logging operations. 

Timbered and other areas in T. 28 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 2.3, 040 

Badly burned area 18, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


White pine 


Per cent. 
16.7 
66.7 
16.6 


Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 

20, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 


Noble fif 


Alpine hemlock 


Total 




30, 000, 000 


40, 000,000 







LEiBERo.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 29a 

Composition of forest in T. ^H /6., R. 5 E., Oregon, including all species with diameters of 

4 incites and upward. 



Per cent. 
.. 80 



Lodgepole pine 

Noble fir ^J* 

Alpine hemlock ' • 

White pine 

Township 28 South, Range 6 East. 

The areas comprised within the lines of this township are situated 
on the summit of the main range of the Cascades. The southern and 
central areas consist of a nearly level pumice-covered region. The 
northern sections are rocky with numerous ridges stretching westward 
from :Mount Thielsen, an extinct volcanic center occupying the north- 
east corner of the township. About two sections in the northeast 
corner are comprised in Diamond Lake, and an additional two sections 
in a series of swamps at its .southern extremity. There is practically 
no visible drainage originating in the township. A large stream head- 
ing in T. 28 S., R. 4 E., flows through it and empties into Diamond 

Lake. 

There are no agricultural and no mineral lands in the township. 
There is a large amount of grazing land, consisting in part of fire glades 
and in part of 1,200 acres of marsh and overflowed land at the south 
end of Diamond Lake. The dry tracts are all used for sheep range. 

The forest consists of stands of alpine- hemlock type. Ninety per 
cent of it is composed of lodgepole-pine reforestations. Some of these 
stands date back to the Indian occupancy, others are the result of fires 
set by the white man. All of the forest is fire marked. Reforesta- 
tions after fires are invariably composed of lodgepole pine. Repeated 
conflagrations and total destruction of the forest bring grass and sedge 
growths. Fires in the township have been fewer during the past four 
or five years than formerly, and most of the grassy tracts are slowly 
reforesting. 

The mill timber is of poor quality and is confined to the spurs of 
Mount Thielsen. It exists in small scattered bodies and is inaccessible 
for logging operations. 

Forested and other lands In T. 28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

„ ^ , 18, 000 

Forested area ' 

Badly burned area ^' 

Nonforested area (lake, swamps, bare rocks, etc) •'''040 

T J None. 

Logged area 



300 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of (imbn- in T. '28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Micliigan prac- 
tice. 


Noble fir ..... 


Per cent. 
60 
40 


Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 




Total 




5, 000, 000 


5, 000, 000 







Conipo.vtion of forest in T. 28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 95 

Noble fir - ^ 

Alpine hemlock - 2 

Township 28 South, Range 6i East. 

This township is situated wholly on the eastern slope of the Cas- 
cades. The northwestern portion consists of steep spurs radiating- 
from Mount Thielsen; the central and southern tracts comprise a long- 
gradual slope from the summit of the range to its eastern foot. The 
township is only partly included in the forest reserve, the area outside 
the reserve containing about 16,000 acres, but included in the estimates 
is a narrow strip adjoining the Klamath Indian Reservation, which 
brings the acreage up to that of a full township. 

The township is draiiied by three small creeks rising in springs and 
marshy places at the foot of the range and sinking in the pumice 
deposit in the adjoining township to the east. 

No agricultural, grazing, or mineral lands occur on the tract. 

The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine and alpine-hemlock 
types. The alpine-hemlock type here is composed almost entirely of 
lodgepole-pine stands, which are reforestations after fires, and occupy 
the western half of the township. The eastern half is coveredwith 
yellow pine of mature age, running from 5.000 to 10,000 feet B. M. 
per acre. 

The forest is fire marked everywhere in the township. Seventy -five 
per cent of the yellow pine is fire seared in the lower 3 or -1 feet of 
the trunk. Reforestations are moderate, but the burned tracts in the 
yellow pine show a tendency to grow up to lodgepole pine. 

The region carrying the mill timber is easy of access for logging 
in any direction except over the range from the west. 

The areal and timber estimates are as follows : 

Forested and other areas in T. 28 S., R. 6^ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area 12, 000 

Logged area None. 



LEiBEKG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stcnifl oflviilxr lu T. 28 S., R. 6'i E., Oregon. 



301 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan practice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
146, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
161,280,000 





Composiiion of forest in T. 28 S., R. 6^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 75 

Yellow pine 25 



Township 28 South, Range 7 East. 

This township is situated east of the main range of the Cascades, 
and consists chiefly of easy slopes or nearly level tracts. The surface 
is covered with a soil of pumice detritus. 

The entire township is tire marked. The complexion of the present 
forest growth is largely owing to fires during the exclusive Indian 
occupancy. Result of fires is lodgepole-pine growths where sufiicient 
soil moisture exists; in other localities growths of scattered desert 
shrubs, tufts of grass, or small and insignificant weeds. 

The mill timber is mostly confined to the southwestern areas. It is 
mostly fire scarred on the lower one-quarter of the trunk. It other- 
wise is fair in quality and is easy of access. Owing to suppression of 
young growth by repeated fires it is largely composed of standards 
and veterans. 



Forested and other areas in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 23, 040 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
26, 880, 000 



('o)n position of forest in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all .•ij>e(-ies intli basal 

diameters of 4 incites and upward. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 88 

Yellow pine 12 



302 FOREST RESERVES. 

Township 28 South, Range 8 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades, and comprises a nearly 
level tract of country. The general flatness is relieved here and there by 
low benches, marking- the recedence of what now constitutes Klamath 
Marsh. The soil is uniformly a pumice detritus, line on the surface 
as a rule, but composed of irregular blocks and fragments below. 

The forest is chiefly lodgepole pine. The mill timber, which is 
all yellow pine, occurs singly or in very small groups scattered 
throughout the body of lodgepole pine. It is poor in quality, and is 
composed wholly of standards and veterans. It clearly is a remnant 
of a nuich more extensive stand which covered the region anterior to 
the lodgepole growths. The preponderance of the latter species is 
whollv due to forest fires during the Indian occupancy, that is to say, 
before the coming of the white man, as this township lies within the 
Klamath Indian Reservation, in part. 

The lodgepole-pine growth has been reburned here and there within 
recent times. The result of such reburning is, almost invariably, the 
creation of sparsely grassed, absolutely nonforested areas. 

Forested areas in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

liOgged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
1, 500, 000 


Feet B. M. 
1,500,000 





Composition of the forest in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species uith 

basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 99. 9 

Yellow pine 1 

Township 29 South, Range 3 East. 

The northern and central portions of this township consist of high 
ridges belonging to the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River 
divide. The southern areas comprise tracts with comparatively low 
relief, constituting parts of the upper drainage basin of the North 
Fork of Rogue River. A deposit of pumice covers the southern sec- 
tions, while the northern have only a light covering of this material 
or, in many places, are entirely free of it. 

The volume of run-off from the township is ver}^ large. Most of 
it is discharged into the South Umpqua, a smaller portion going 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 308 

into Rogue River through the north fork of this streuni. The Tinp- 
qua-Rogue River divide that here supplies most of the run-off is not of 
the same volcanie formation as the Cascades. It evidentl}- is much 
less lissured and therefore sheds a great deal more of the precipitation 
as visi})le drainage. 

- Th(> township contains no agricultural land. Mineral-bearing ground 
has been discovered in various localities along the crest and slopes of 
the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. Along the summits and flanks of 
the higher ridges is a considerable quantity of grazing land which is 
utilized for sheep range. The grazing areas consist whollj^ of fire 
glades or of rocky slopes which have not reforested after fires. 

The forest consists of stands of red-fir and alpine-hemlock types. 
It is fire marked throughout. 

Reforestations are composed chiefly of lodgepole pine, in the stands 
of which the grass and sedge swards that came in after the 6res per- 
sist for a long time. In some localities, especially where fires have 
been particularly destructive, brush growths, composed of the vellum- 
leaved ceanothus, occupy the ground. 

The mill timber is of poor quality and is generally defective, owing 
to the numerous fires that have swept through the township during 
the past iO or -15 years. Most of it is inaccessible for logging oper- 
ations; but a small quantity in the southern sections can be reached 
by way of the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River. 

Forested and other areas in T. 29 S.,R.3E., Oregon. 

. Acres. 

Forested area 23 040 

Badly burned area jq 000 

Logged area Aj^ne. 

Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., B. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



White pine 

Eed fir 

White fir 

Alpine hemlock. 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
10 

62.5 
12.5 
15 



Feet B. M. 
4, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

4,000,000 

40, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

11, 000, 000 



40, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species 7fith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 
.^ , . Per cent. 

Eed fir 

White fir 



50 

10 

^\ hite pine 5 

Alpine hemlock 30 

Lodgepole pine 5 



304 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 29 South, Range 4 East. 

The northern half of this township is situated on the northern slopes 
of the Unipqua-Rogue River divide, and consists of high, rocky ridges. 
The southern half comprises pumice-covered levels intersected by low 
ridges of lava and furrowed by numerous small deep canyons, which 
form the upper heads of the eastern tributaries of the North Fork of 
Rogue River. 

The run-off from the northern half of the township is large in vol- 
ume, and flows into the South Umpqua. The quantity originating in 
the other half is of moderate volume, and empties into Rogue River 
through the North Fork. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. Mineral-bearing 
areas have been discovered along the northern slopes of the Umpqua- 
Rogue River divide, and some claims have been located. The region, 
in common with other mineral ground along this divide, carries values 
only in gold. The thinly wooded areas on the summits of the Umpqua 
ridges constitute the grazing lands of the township. Some of them 
are naturally thinly forested or wooded; others are grassed over as the 
result of fires. . 

The forest consists of red-fir and of alpine-hemlock stands. Most of 
the stands are reforestations; some after fires since the white man's 
occupancy; others after fires that burned while the Indians were in 
possession. Sixty per cent of the reforestations are composed of 
lodgepole pine; the balance of alpine hemlock and white pine. 

The mill timber is poor in quality and of small dimensions through- 
out. It is inaccessible for logging operations. 

The areal and timber estimates for the township are as follows: 

Forested and oilier areas in T. 29 S. , R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area 18, 000 

Logged area None. 



Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


White pine 


Per cent. 
31.3 
50 
18.7 


Fret B. M. 

5, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 


Feet B.M. 

5, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 




16, 000, 000 


25, 000, 000 







LEiBEKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 305 

Compn^ition of foreM in T. 29 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, hidudmcj trecx of all impedes irith hrmil 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per ccm. 

Lodgepole pine 80 

Red fir 8 

AVhite fir 5 

White pine 3 

Alpine hemh jck , 4 

Township 29 South, R^nge 5 East. 

This township comprises areas situated on the summit and imme- 
diate western slopes of the main range of the Cascades. Most of the 
tract consists of level or gently sloping areas, all very deeply pumice 
covered. In the northern portion of the township there are four or 
five sections of high, mountainous ridges belonging to the Umpqua- 
Rogue River divide. 

The water supply of this township is trifling in amount. Most of 
the precipitation sinks in the immense sheet of pumice and disappears. 
The heads of two of the lesser trilnitaries of the North Fork of Rogue 
River lie in the central portions of the township. Each has cut out a 
deep but narrow canyon in the pumice. It is evident that in late years 
these streams have cut into the piunice at a more rapid rate than they 
formerly did. The widespread destruction of the g-rowing forest by 
tire has no doubt contributed to this acceleration. If it be desirable 
to prevent the vast blanket of pumice along the summit and hig'her 
slopes of the Cascades from transfer to the low-lying valle^^s of the 
agricultural districts, it is necessary that everything tending toward 
the loosening of the pumice surface should be avoided. 

The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type. It consists of lodgepole 
pine with small groups of alpine hemlock and noble fir scattered here 
and there among the lodgepole. The species represent reforestation 
after fires. This region was burned periodically during* the Indian 
occupanc}-, as the many different ages represented in the lodgepole- 
pine stands prove. But when the white man came into the region the 
areas in this particular township were covered with a uniform stand 
of the species. During the past forty or forty-five years the timber 
has been burned in many localities and the subsequent reforestations 
have again been burned. The region is too high in altitude to permit 
the growth of much brush. After a fire one of three things happens; 
either lodgepole pine comes as the first forest growth, or grasses and 
sedges form a thin, interrupted sward, or the ground remains bare of 
all vegetation. It is impossible to predict beforehand which one of 
the three phases will appear. It all depends on the extent to which 
the ratio of soil moisture has been disturbed and changed. 

The township contains no mill timber. There are no agricultural, 
grazing, or mineral lands in the township. 
21 GEOL, J'T 5 20 



306 FOREST RESERVES. 

The areal estimates are as follows: 

Forested and other oreas In. T. i!9 S., R. '> E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area -•^, 0-10 

Badly burned area IS, 000 

Logged area None. 

Township 29 South. Range T East. 

This township is situated on the eastern side of the Cascades and 
consists of nearly lev^el plains in the eastern portions and of gentle 
slopes, rising- toward the Cascades, in the western. The soil is uni- 
formly a pumice sand. 

The forest in the eastern areas consists of lodgepole pine, reforesta- 
tions after ancient hres. In the western sections of the township the 
timber is j^ellow pine mixed with lodgepole. The western areas are 
fire marked throughout. The lodgepole in the eastern portions does 
not form a solid stand. It is everywhere broken by small, scantilv 
grassed tracts, which for som.e reason, possibh" lack of soil humidity, 
do not reforest. 

The mill timber is of fair qualitv, and is mostly composed of stand- 
ards and veterans. Reproduction in the yellow-pine stands is good 
where fire has not run for a number of years. 

ForeMed and other areas in T. 29 S., B. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area None. 

Logged area None. 



-"(^e^ 



Toted stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. Feet B. M. 

100 I 68, 5-10, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
80, 640, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irlth hnsai 
diameters of 4 incites and upward. 

Per cent 

Lodgepole pine -'0 

Yellow pine 10 

Township 20 South, Range 8 East. 

This township consists of nearly level, pumice-covered plains, situ- 
ated between the eastern foot of the Cascades and the northern end of 
Klamath Marsh. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 307 

The f()i-(>st is almost exclusively a lodgepolc-piiie growth, hero, us in 
most places iiloiig the eastern base of the Cascades, representing a 
reforestation after ancient tires. The nonforested tracts are sparsely 
grassed areas that have failed to reforest. 

The mill timber consists mostly of single trees or of groups of a 
dozen or two scattered among the lodgepole. It is inferior in quality, 
and is practically worthless for commercial purposes. 

Forested and other areas in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20 000 

Nonforested area (meadows) 3 040 

Badly ) )urned area None 

Logged area Xone. 

Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- , 
tice. j 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 


FeetB.M. , 
6, 000, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 
Lodgepole pine 99 9 

Yellow pine -^ 

Township 30 South, Range 2 \Yest. 

This township is estimated from information, as it was not person- 
all}^ examined. 

Acres. 
Area forested and wooded _ 23 040 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 

Feet B. M. 
\ellowpine 45,000,000 

^^^ ^^ 60, 000, 000 

Sugar pine 

Incense cedar • , 1^. 000, 000 



'^^^^^ ^ 123, 000, 000 

Township ?A) South. Ran(xK 1 AVest. 

This township is estimated from information, as it was not person- 
ally examined. 

Acres. 
Area lorested and wooded 23 040 



308 FOREST RESERVES. 

roliil stand of timber in T. SO S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine 25, UOO, 000 

Red fir 165, 000, 000 

f^^^P^"^ I 10,000,000 

Incense cedar J 

Total 200, 000, 000 

Township 30 South, Range 1 P^ast. 

This township is mostly on the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue 
River divide, a small portion in the northwest corner covering spurs 
projecting southward from the ridges betw^een the North Umpqua and 
South Umpqua excepted. In some places the township consists of long- 
steep spurs; in others, especiall}" in the southeast corner, the ridges 
have broad summits and easy slopes. 

The region contains no grazing or agricultural lands. It is more or 
less mineral bearing throughout most of its areas, but as yet there are 
no mines or prospects in process of development. 

This township has a large run-oil. It originates in numerous small 
creeks that emptv into the South Umpqua, which flows through the 
northwest corner of the township. 

The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine, red-iir, and alpine- 
hemlock types. The yellow-pine type occurs on ridges of low eleva- 
tion bordering the South Umpqua; the alpine-hemlock type on sum- 
mits and high slopes along the Umpqua-Rogue River divide; the 
]-ed-flr tvpe in the canyons and on all of the areas situated at middle 
elevations. 

The stand of timl)er is heavy throughout, especially along the flanks 
of the summit of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, notwithstanding 
the fact that 50 per cent of all the timber has been visited by Are. 
Reforestations are abundant and are chiefly composed of red fir. 

The mill timber is of good quality. The red-fir, noble-fir, and 
alpine-hemlock stands are largely composed of standards and veterans. 
The last two species form very heavy stands on the broad summits 
and spurs in the southeastern sections of the township. With the 
exception of the main valley of the South Umpqua, the forest is inac- 
cessible for logging operations. 

Forested and other areon in. T. SO S., A'. 1 /-;., Oreijon. 

Acres. 

Forei^ted area 23, 040 

Badly 1 )urned area 2, .500 

Logged area None. 



LEIBERc;.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 809 

Tolal stand of thnher in T. SO S., /.'. 1 /•;., <h-e<j<m. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White lir 

Noble fir 

Alpine heniloek. 



Total. 



Local practice. 


Michigan practice. 


Prr cent. 


Fed B. M. 


Feet B. il. 


19.1 


45, 000, 000 


59, 685, 000 


2.8 


6, 000, 000 


7, 958, 000 


59. 7 


131, 000, 000 


250, 677, 000 


1.5 


3, 000, 000 


7, 958, 000 


10 


20, 000, 000 


39, 790, 000 


(>. 9 


15, 000, 000 


31, 832, 000 




220, 000, 000 


397, 900, 000 



Compo>tUion of forest in T. 30 S., R. 1 E., Oregon, including trees of <dl species iriil, l„,so! 
diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

]'rr cent. 

Yellow pine -0 

Sugar pine 4 

Red fir <iO 

White fir 3 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine hemlock 6. 5 

Township 30 South, Range 2 East. 

This township is situated partly on the northern and parti}' on the 
southern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, which almost 
bisects the toAvnship, entering near the northeast corner and leaving 
near the southwest. The portion of the crest of the divide which 
lies within the township generally is rocky, narrow, and very tortu- 
ous, and slopes abruptl}' on either side to canyons of great depth. 
About midway' in the township the crest expands into Abbots Butte, 
a mass of volcanic rock with an elevation of 6,500 feet. The summit 
of the butte is flattened, with a projecting central, rocky lioss. It is 
about three-fourths of a mile in width and breaks ofl' on all sides, 
except at one point in the northwest corner, with a precipitous wall 
of rock 400 to 1,500 feet in height. The sections of the township sit- 
uated on either side of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide are filled with 
steep, precipitous spurs. 

The volume of Avater discharged by the stream in the southern 
portions of the township is small and empties into the North Fork of 
Rogue River. The outflow from the northern areas is large and enters 
the South Fmpqua. The areas draining into this stream are copiously 
supplied with large, springy, marshy tracts, situated on the sloping- 
hillsides and at the heads of the various creeks. 

The township has no agricultural land. ^Nlost of its areas are known 
to be mineralized, and four or five mineral chiims are located on the 



310 FOREST RESERVES. 

Umpqua-Rogue River divide a mile west of Abbots Butte. There is 
no development Avork in progress on these claims or on any others in 
the township. 

The grazing lands consist of glades scattered throughout the sum- 
mit areas and higher slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue Rirer divide. 
These glades are mostly due to forest fires burning off the timber. A 
small numbe • of cattle occasionall}'^ stray up here from the lowlands of 
the Rogue River Valley in late summer. The summit of Abbots Butte 
and most of the high slopes of the divide east and north of this point 
are used for pasturing- sheep. 

The forest consists of stands belonging to tlie three types of the 
region. The 3'ellow-pine t3^pe occurs chiefly in the southwestern 
areas. In the northern sections there also are considerable quantities 
of yellow pine, but it scarcely forms a type, the species and its asso- 
ciates existing as scattered trees or in small groups among the red-tir 
stands. The alpine hemlock is the forest along the summit and higher 
slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. It also extends downward 
on the northern declivities of the divide to the 4, 000-foot contour line, 
following the numerous wet canyon bottoms and slopes. The stands 
of the t3^pe are often of great density, reaching 50,000 to 75,000 feet 
B. M. per acre. The redlir is chiefly composed of standards, much of 
it running above 3 feet basal diameter and having clear trunks 60 to 90 
feet in length. There are mixed with the red-flr type, and sometimes 
with the alpine-hemlock type as well, scattered trees and small aggi-e- 
gations of sugar and white pine, the individuals averaging 2 to 6 feet 
in diameter at the base and -10 to 90 feet in length in the clear trunk. 

The region around Abbots Butte is noteworth\^ because it is the 
most southerly station known in the Cascades for the Alaskan cedar. 
The species occurs in a few localities on the slopes of and adjoining 
the butte as scattered individuals in the mass of alpine-hemlock forest, 
occasionally forming aggregations with 300 to 400 individuals in a 
close growth. The species is a small tree or large shrub as it grows 
here, and is of no commercial value whatever. 

The forest is tire marked throughout the township and 15 per cent 
of the standing mill timber has been consumed or killed. It is worth}^ 
of note that although the forest on the northern slopes of the Umpqua- 
Rogue River divide in this and the preceding township has been over- 
run by fire almost everywhere, the actual quantity of timber consumed 
is not nearly as large as might be expected considering the extent of 
the fires. It is doubtless due to the generally wet condition of the 
humus and litter that more has not been destroj^ed. The fires have 
been more severe and widespread along the summit of the divide, 
where the sheep pastures are found, 'than elsewhere. As fires in these 
localities decidedly encourage grass growth at the expense of the 
forest, there probabh" is some connection between the sheep camps 
and the fires that have ravaged the timber in their neighborhood. 



I.EIBERO.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 311 

The ])urned-over areas in the township do not reforest rapidly or 
well. The tendency is toward grassy glades rather than to forest at 
all the higher elevations, and to dense brush growths at the lower and 
middle altitudes. Some of the slope^ covered with pumice, or with 
small lapilli. are being denuded of their soil down to the lava bed rock 
as a result of the tires and the consequent loosening of the forest floor. 

The portion of the township south of the Umpqua-Rogue River 
divide, about one-third of its entire area, can be logged from the 
Rogue River Valley, although with some difficulty. The balance of 
the township is inaccessible for logging operations. 

Forested and other oreax in T. .'iO S., B. 2 E., Oregon. 

ACTOS. 

Forested area 21, 040 

Nonforested area (burned) -, 000 

Logged area Xone. 

Badly burned area ■^; 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., li. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local i>ractice. 



Michigan practice. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White i^ine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Incense cedar 

Alpine hemlock . . 
Western hemlock 



Per cent. 

11.2 

5.6 

.9 

61.2 



10 



Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 
110, 000, 000 



18, 000, 000 



11.1 



Total . 



20, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
25, 654, 400 
16, 896, 000 

3, 379, 200 
209, 889, 600 

3, 379, 200 
41, 550, 400 

1, 689, 600 
33, 792, 000 

1, 689, 600 



180, 000, 000 



337, 920, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Sugar pine - 3 

White pine Inconsiderable. 

Incense cedar Inconsiderable. 

Western hemlock Inconsiderable. 

Alpine hemlock - 13 

Red fir 60 

White fir 2 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir Inconsiderable. 

Pacific yew - Inconsiderable. 

Yellow cedar Inconsiderable. 



312 forest eeseryes. 

Township 30 South, Raxgj: 3 East, 

The western section.s of this township are situated on the southern 
slopes of the Unip(|ua-Kogue River divide. The eastern areas com- 
prise in part the valley bottoms of the North Fork of Rogue River 
and in part low broad spurs projecting- westward from the main range 
of the Cascades, which form a sort of plateau region. 

The ridg'es extending from the Umpqua divide in the western por- 
tion of the township are steep and rock}' and inclose broad terraced 
creek l)ottoms at frequent intervals. The valley of the North Fork of 
Rogue River is a depression about '2 miles wide and (iOO to 800 feet in 
depth. The valley, so far as it lies in this township, has been scooped 
out through an immense deposit of pumice and exhibits from 4 to 6 
distinct terraces. The terraces on the eastern side of the stream are 
generallv wider than those on the west. In the southern portions of 
the township the stream has in some places cut through the pumice 
deposit to the underlving lavji l^ed rock, causing narrows and rapids 
to form in the channel, which elsewhere is broad and smooth. 

The streams originating in the township are of small volume. They 
are chiefly springs which break out along the slopes of the different 
terraces west of the river. The springs represent a portion of the 
seepage coming from the slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 
Although these springs discharge but a trifling amount of water, they 
have nevertheless succeeded in excavating deep channels through the 
pumice terraces between the points of issue and their entrance into 
the river. Some of these channels are 200 feet in depth. In time the 
entire pumice deposit on the west side of the river will be transported 
into the bed of the stream through the agency of 1 liese springs and 
the rivulets originating from them. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. Mineral-bearing 
areas are known to occur in the ridges of the Umpqua-Rogue River 
divide. 

The grazing areas consist of marshy flats and fire glades bordering 
Rogue River. They occur in the south-central areas of the town&ihip 
and cover in the aggregate 500 or 600 acres. 

The forest consists of three types. The yellow-pine type is not 
well developed, and exists chiefly as scattered groups among the red-fir 
stands and on the lower ridges in the southwest corner of the township. 
Most of the heav}' forest is on the terraces in the bottoms of the 
North Fork. It is chiefly stands of red-fir type containing an unusually 
large percentage of noble fir. Most of the mill timber consists of 
standards and veterans averaging from 2 to tt feet in diameter with 
clear trunks -15 to 75 feet in length. The alpine-hemlock type occurs 
in the extreme eastern areas. It is of small dimensions throughout. 



i.EiBEKu.] CASCADE RANGK AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 313 

The mountainous sections of the western tracts of the township are 
inaccessible for logging opei'ations. Th(> valley portions can easily be 
logged, but owing to obstructions in the river bed by ancient lava 
flows, which come to the surface near the junction with Union Creek, 
the North Fork can not be used for driving. Above the o})structions 
the channel is free, broad, and 5 to feet in depth during three or 
four months of the year. 

AVith the exception of isolated patches of forest along the lower 
valley terraces, the timber is lire marked throughout the entire town- 
shi]). The damage has been immense. Sixty per cent of the standing 
mill timber has been consumed, or has l)een so badly damaged within 
the past forty-tive years that it is unlit for commercial purposes. 
This involves a loss of 250 million feet B. M. in this one township. 
Much of the l)urned-over tracts has reforested with lodgepole pine, 
which in its turn has been burned of late years to the extent of 25 
per cent. As a rule, reforestations are abundant on the A'alley lands, 
l)ut are composed of. the worthless lodgepole pine. On the slopes and 
highest terraces it is delicient, immenseh' dense brush growth of the 
vellum-leaved ceanothus almost invariably replacing the forest in such 
localities. 

Timbered and other areas in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19,680 

Nonforested area (bare rocks and glades, 1,500; l)unu'darea, l.SHO) 3,360 

Badly burned area 6, 000 

Logged area - None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

"White pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Xoble fir 

Incense cedar 

Western hemlock . 
Alpine hemlock . . . 
Engelmann spruce 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
5. 3 
6.6 
2 

73.4 
3.4 

8 



1.3 



Feet B. M. 

8,000,000 
10, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
110, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 



2, 000, 000 



Total ' 150, 000, 000 



Michigan practice. 



Feet B. .V. 

9, 348, 000 

11,686,000 

4, 674, 000 

140, 232, 000 

23, 372, 000 

35, 058, 000 

700, 000 

1, 168, 600 

7, 012, 000 

469, 400 



233, 720, 000 



314 FOREST RESERVES. 

Co»i]i(mtvjn offori'st in T. SO S., R. 3 E., including trees of aJl specit'f! iritli hnml diameters 

of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

YelldW i)ine 5 

Sugar pine 5 

White pine 1 

Lodgepole pine 10 

Red fir 45 

White fir 15 

Noble fir 10 

Incense cedar 1 

Western hemlock 2 

Alpine hemlock , 5 

Engelmann spruce 1 

Township 80 South, Range 4 East. 

The northern and central portions consist of flats and terraces stretch- 
ing- westward from the main range of the Cascades. Tlie}' are inter- 
sected by lava ridges of low relief and furrowed by canyons 300 to 
400 feet in depth cut through the pumice deposit, which deeply covers 
the entire township. The southern sections comprise a flat tract 2 
miles in width stretching across the township from east to west. 

The township has scarcely any run-ofl". The streams that flow 
through it all have their heads in adjoining townships. These 
streams carry large volumes of water and empty into the North Fork 
of Rogue River, which cuts the extreme northwest corner of the 
township. 

There are no grazing, agricultural, or mineral-bearing areas. 

The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine, red-fir, and alpine- 
hemlock types. The yellow pine is of poor quality and occurs as small, 
scattered groups in the western areas of the township. The red fir 
is composed largely of standards and veterans, generally of the same 
class and dimensions as those in the preceding township. Much of the 
alpine-hemlock t\"pe is of small dimensions, being reforestations after 
fires which burned 90 to 100 years ago. The heaviest stands of forest 
occur in the northwest sections of the township, on terraces belonging 
to the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River. 

The township is easy of access for logging operations. The streams, 
however, lie in too deep and narrow canyons and are too much 
obstructed by rocks to be utilized for driving purposes. 

Practically all of the forest is fire marked. One-sixth of the entire 
area has been burned clean of timber, save for an occasional tree, and 
the remainder has lost 40 per cent of its mill timber through the same 
cause. The southern areas have suffered the most, but no tract has been 
entirely exempt. Brush growths of the vellum-leaved ceanothus fol- 
low the fires. In a few localities lodgepole-pine reforestations are 
beginning to supplant the l)rush. 



LEiBEUG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 315 

Timbered (iml other areas in T. SO S., A'. 4 K., Oreijon. ^^^^^ 

^ ^ , 19,740 

Forested area 

Nonforested area (burned) ' ' '^^^ 

Badlv burned area 



Logged area. 



■;, :!()0 
^oiie. 



Total stand of limber in T. 30 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 

White tir 

Noble fir 

Alpine hendock. 



Local practice. 



Michigan practice. 



Total . 



Per cent. 
2 

.9 
1 
78.5 
4.9 
9.8 
2.9 



Feet B. M. 
2, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 
1,000,000 

80, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 



Fcvt B. M. 

4, 309, 200 

1,077,300 

1,077,300 

150, 822, 000 

30, 164, 400 

21,546,000 

6, 463, 800 



102, 000, 000 1 215, 460, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal 
diameters of 4 inches aud npirard. 

Yellow pine 

Sugar pine - 

White pine _' 

Lodgepole pine - -^ 

Eedfir - ^? 

White fir ■ "^ 

Noble fir ' ;J- ^ 

Alpine hemlork ~ 

TowKSHip 30 South, Range 5 East. 



This township is situated on the western slope of the Cascades. 
The crest of the range occupies the eastern areas. It consists of the 
rocky western rim of Crater Lake, which attains elevations of 8,600 
feet above sea level. The crest is narrow, seldom more than 8 to 10 
rods in width. On the east it breaks off hj precipices 1,200 to 2,000 
feet in height to the depression holding Crater Lake. On the west 
the crest sinks, through a series of steep escarpments, none of great 
height, to a terraced region, mostly of low relief, which occupies the 
central and western sections of the township. The entire region, 
except the peaks and prominent rocky elevations and escarpments 
along the crest of the range, is deeply buried under a mass of line 
pumice. 

A large quantity of water Hows out of the township. It originates 
at the base of the crest of the range in a series of springs and marshy 



31(3 . FOREST RESERVES. 

tracts. The .stream channels in their course westward throug'h the 
township deepen rapidly and soon form canyons 200 to 300 feet in 
depth. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. Some of the vol- 
canic scoria, hipilli, and pumice in tlie western sections of the townsnip 
are said to ha^'e yielded colors of g'old; otherwise there are no mineral 
lands. 

The gruziiiu- huids consist wholl}' of tire glades. For man}" years 
the areas below the crest were periodicalh^ burned by sheep herders, 
hunters, and campers. As the reg-ion is mostly above the line of 
hea^'y brush g-rowths, grass and sedge came in and covered the 
burned-over tracts with a more or less thick sward. Neither cattle nor 
sheep are pastured in this township at the present time. 

Stands of red-tir and alpine-hendock type form the forest. The red- 
tir type is the principal growth in thy western areas. It is mixed with 
small percentages of yellow and sugar pine. The central and eastern 
areas are covered with stands of pure alpine-hemlock type, in which 
the alpine hemlock occurs as the principal component. The forest 
along the crest is thin. ]\luch of it exists as small groups separated l)_v 
bare pumice Hats or as scattered trees, in which case such areas might 
perhaps be more properly classed as wooded than as forested. Eleva- 
tions above 7,500 feet along the crest are rocky and nearly devoid of 
arborescent growth, stunted indviduals of the white-bark pine being 
almost the only denizens of such tracts. 

The mill timlier is of poor quality except in the western areas, 
where the red tir forms the principal species in the stands. It can be 
logged with little difficulty except such as is naturally encountered in a 
region of high elevation, heavy snowfalls, and severe winters. It is 
accessible either from the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River or 
from the Klamath-Crater Lake wagon road, in the southeastern sec- 
tions of the township. 

Most of the township is marked l)y tire. The stands of alpine 
hemlock which occur on the crest have been ))urned only here and 
there, owing to the surrounding nonforested pumice Hats which have 
acted as fire Ijreaks. Below the crest the forest has been extensively 
burned. The largest burns of modern date run back 35 or 40 years, 
but for the last 100 years the forest on the terraces west of Crater 
Lake has been periodically burned. This is proved Ijy the age of the 
lodgepole-pine stands. Reforestations of lodgepole pine follow tires 
at these elevations, and in the present stands of this species groups 
of all ages up to loo or 110 years are represented, while decaying 
remains of the stands Ijurned 35 or -lO years ago show trees of still 
higher age. In the last three or four years the region has enjoyed 
comparative mimunit}- from this scourge and the glades are fast refor- 
esting except in a few of the marshy tracts too wet for forest growth. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES 

Forested and other area, in T. SO S., 11. r> K, Oregon. 



317 



Acres. 

12,860 

Forested area - i i vn \ 10, 180 

Nonforested area (ro.k. and lake, (5,000; 'mmed area, ^^^'^\";;;;;;;;;;;\ ,,^oO 

Badly burned area Xone. 

Logged area 



Total Stan 



d of timber in T. SO ,S' , Ji. o E., Oreyon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock 



Per cent. 
11.1 
7.8 
44.4 
11.1 
25.5 



Feel B. M. 
1,000,000 
700, 000 
4, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 
2, 300, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet Ji. -V. 
1,300,000 
700, 000 
5, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 
14, 040, 000 




irith 

.•i-nt. 

01 

01 

001 

(lOOl 



^ .• * ■ T ctn ^ R 5 E Orenon, including trees of all spectcx 
Coiin>n>^ition of fore.^t m. 1. SO *b., ^. o r.., ■> y-j , ^ 

haml diameters of 4 inches and upivard. ^.^^ 

Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

White-bark pine 14 

Lodgepole pine - ' ' g 

Red fir . .T 

AVhite fir Ho 

Noble fir (35 

Alpine hemlock OOOl 

Engelmann sprnee 

Township 30 South. Range East. 

Alost of this town.ship is occupied l.y the well-known Crater Lake 
,e^ :iilted on the summit of the Cascad^. The waters oi^t^ 
i,,.- ulono- the eastern and southern rim ot the lake flow ho the 
■Khm.tl^drainao-e. while that which rises in the west and north goes 
^"i^: Riv:;. The region is rocky and precipitous, with a mean 
clevatio; of nearly T.OOO feet, exclusive of the depression ho^mg the 
lake With the exception of a few insig.nticant sprmgs h. the south- 
ern areas, there is no visible run-otf front the towns up. 
There are no agricultural, grazing, or mmeral laiuls. 
The forest is entirelv of the alpute-hcmlock type. Halt ot lie 
arl^s merely wooded; scattered trees or groups ot tvees s^trated 
by pumice flats and rocky combs forming the arborescent gio.th. 



318 FOREST RESERVES. 

The mill timber is mostly confined to the northern areas of the 
township and is inferior in quality. A few scattered groves of alpine 
hemlock occur on the southern tracts. Some of the alpine hemlocks 
in th«\se stands are of large size, occasional individuals reaching 6 to 
7 feet in diameter. 

There are tire marks on most of the forest in the southern part of 
the township. Elsewhere the stands of timber are so thin and scat- 
tered that fires have never succeeded in obtaining any sort of a start. 

Forem-d (imJ otlicr (oras in T. 30 S., li. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 5, 080 

Nonforested area (rocks and lake) 17, 960 

Badly burned area 2, 500 

Crater Lake 12, 800 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Xoblefir 


Per cent. 
33.3 


Feet B. M. 

1, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
440, 000 


Alpine hemlock 

Engelmann spruce 


66.7 








Total 




3, 000, 000 


13, 440, 000 





Com position of forest in T.30 S., E. G E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 2 

White pine 0001 

White-bark pine 2 

Noble fir 5 

Alpine fir 1 

Alpine hemlock 95 

Engelmann spruce 001 

Township 30 South, Range 6i East. 

This township is situated on the eastern slopes of the Cascades. 
The western sections consist of broken, rocky tracks with a mean 
elevation of 7,000 feet, and contain in the southern areas Mount Scott, 
an extinct volcanic cone, with an elevation of 9,100 feet. The central 
and eastern portions comprise a mass of steep, broken ridges and spurs 
sloping sharply to the levels bordering Klamath Marsh at the foot of 
the range. The region is volcanic throughout, as is the case with the 
preceding townships. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



319 



A sniiill strip of und«^torminod width alon^' the eastern edg-e of the 
township lies outside the reserve boundaries. If the western boundary 
of the Klamath Indian Reservation, which here nearly adjoins the 
forest reserve, should he found to pass along- the true east line of the 
township, the tract now excluded ought to ])e annexed to the reserve. 

AVith the exception of a few small springs, the region has no visible 
drainage system. 

There are no agricultural, grazing, or mineral lands in the toA\ iiship. 

The forest at the lower elevations consists of yellow pine. The 
stand is of good quality and easy of access from all directions, except 
from the west. 

At the upper edge of the yellow-pine forest along the 5, 800-foot 
contour line begins the alpine-hemlock type. The stands of the type 
at their lower range are composed of lodgepole pi-\e; at middle 
altitudes alpine hemlock and noble fir form the forest; w^hile at the 
highest elevations the tracts are mereh' wooded with sparse, scattered 
growth of white-bark pine, alpine tir, and alpine hemlock. Mount 
Scott projects 600 or TOO feet above timber line. 

A great deal of the forest shows fire marks. The entire liody of 
^^ePow-pine growth has been scared repeatedly. Large tires burned 
there the past summer. The lodgepole-pine stands at middle eleva- 
tions are the result of fires which burned before the advent of the 
white man. Reforestations are nearh' alwaj^s lodgepole pine at all 
elevations. Brush growths are not common. 

Forested and other areas in. T. 30 S., R. 6^ E., Orefjon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 040 

Xonforested area (bare rtjcks) 2, 000 

Badly burned area 5, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S. , li. 6"i i'. , Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock. 
White fir 



Total. 



Per cent. 
72 
12 
16 



Feet li. M. 

18, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 



25, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet li. M. 

52, 000, 000 
5, 600, 000 
7, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 



67, 600, 000 



320 FOKEST EESEKVES. 

Co)iipo!<itioii of foreM in T. SO S., B. 6h E., Oregon, Including trees of all species with 

I,<(S(il (lldmetcrx of 4 inches and iqnvard. 

Per eeut. 

Yelk)W pine 60 

White pine Scattered. 

White-bark pine 1 

Lodgepole pine 15 

White fir 1 

Noble fir 5 

Alpine fir Scattered. 

Alpine hemlock •■ 1 ( . 8 

Township 30 South, Range 7 East. 

This township is situated east of the main range of the CascadeiL- 
and consists of level tracts deeply covered with pumice deposits and 
of small areas of slope in the western portions which are also pumice 
covered. 

The forest on the level areas is composed of solid lodgepole-pine 
stands, reforestations after ancient fires; the slopes bear stands of 
yellow pine with small groups of lodgepole pine and scattered trees of 
white fir. Fires of recent times have run through the lodgepole-pine 
stands, and in a lesser degree thi'ough the 3'ellow-pine growths. Tend- 
ency of fires in the lodgepole pine is to produce scantily grassed, non- 
forested tracts; in the yellow-pine to favor growths of lodgepole pine. 

Mill timber is moderately eas}^ of access, of medium quality, a: d 
largelj^ composed of standards and veterans owing to suppression of 
young growth b}' the luimerous fires. 

Forested and other areas in T. SO S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly Inirned area 4, 500 

Covered with solid stands of noncommercial timber 18, 560 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S. , R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow 


Dine 


Per cent. Feet B. M. 
100 25, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
33, 600, 000 





Conqjosition of forest In, T. SO S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icith based 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

I'er cent. 

Yellow pine 12 

Lodgepole pine 88 

White fir Occasional trees. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




PART (3F SOUTHERN OREGON SHOWING J3ISTR 

I*repared under tlie direction of ] I 



^ 



BYJOIl^ 

4 e 'i 



Yellowpine 



Contcniriut ; 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL.LXXXII 




'ITTION OF YEIXOW PINE AND WHITE BARIv PINE 

i-y CTaiinett,Geogi'aplier in eh;n ;io 



jS BIEN 6 CO. LITH N ' 



. 12 It 16 IB ZO MIUSS 

tl 500 feet 



^Vliite barkpiiie 



leiberg] cascade range and ashland reserves. 321 

Township 30 South, Range 8 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades, the extreme eastern 
areas beino- covered by portions of Klamath Marsh, the western tracts 
consisting- of a nearly level pumice-covered plain. 

The forest is almost wholly a lodgepole-pine growth, reforestation 
after ancient tires, except along the edge of the marsh where the lodge- 
pole-pine stands mark the receding line of the wet and swampy ground 
and constitute the primary forest growth on the emerging land. 

Recent tires have marked the lodgepole-pine growths here and there, 
and in such places there is a decided tendency toward grassy tracts 
rather than reforestations. 

The small quantity of mill timber is scattered through the lodgepole 
pine. It is of very poor quality, being chiefly remnants of an old 
forest long since burned. 

Forested and other areas in T. 30 S. , R. S E., Oregon. 

Acres 

Forested area 17, 280 

Nonforested area (Klamath Marsh) 5, 760 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 






Feet B. M. 
2, 240, 000 









Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 0. 0001 

Lodgepole pine 99. 9999 

Township 30 South, Range 9 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades and consists chieflj^ of 
tule- and sedge-covered areas belonging to Klamath Marsh. The 
extreme eastern areas are formed by a projecting spur of lava and 
bear the forest. Soil is uniformly a pumice deposit. 

All of the timber in the township is tire marked. Result of fires is 
the suppression of 3'oung growth, fire scarring of the older, with 
twisting and bending of the smaller trunks. There is little brush 
growth throughout. There is no humus, the forest floor being bare, 
sharp, pumice sand. 

Mill timber is easy of access, but poor in quality, and mostly of 
small dimensions. 

21 GEOL, PT 5 21 



322 



FOfflEST RESERVES. 



Forested and other aredi^ in T. 30 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Forested area 6, 400 

Nonforested area ( Klamath Marsh ) 16, 640 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 

13, 000, 000 


Feet B. il/. 
26, 240, 000 





Co)npositio)i of forest in T. 30 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 99. 5 

Lodgepole pine .5 



Township 30 South, Range 10 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades. Its northern portion 
consists of grassy, nonforested bottom lands bordering the Williamson 
River, while the southern areas are formed of low Ifiva hills, as a rule 
deeply covered by a tine pumice deposit. 

The forest in the township is fire marked throughout. In late years 
there has been fewer fires than formerly and the young growth, for- 
merly mostly suppressed, is asserting itself ev^erywhere. The young 
growth is yellow pine with a few scattered individuals of white fir. 
The lodgepole pine is found along the swales of the AVilliamson River 
bottoms. 

Mill timber is very good in quality, being largely composed of 
standards and veterans with fair, clear trunks. It is easy of access 
from the Williamson River bottoms and forms, as a whole, a valuable 
stand of timber. 

Forested and other areas in T. 30 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 11, 800 

Nonforested area (marsh and meadows) 11, 240 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per eent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
100, 700, 000 


Feet.B. M. 
122, 700, 000 





LEiBERG] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 323 

Compoiiiiioii of forest in T. 30 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all .y)ecies with Iximl 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 99. 5 

Lodgepole pine ~l 

White Ht / • ■' 

Township 30 South, Range 11 East. 

This township, situated oast of the Cascades, consists in the western 
areas of nonforested bottom lands bordering the Williamson River, 
and in the eastern portions of pumice-covered lava slopes which form, 
in part, the western declivities of the Yamsay Range. 

The lower and intermediate slopes carry good stands of jellow pine 
bordered along the marshy areas of the Williamson bottoms by nar- 
row fringes of lodgepole pine. The upper slopes of the range bear 
chiefly lodgepole pine and white fir. Fires have marlied the forest 
everywhere throughout the township. 

The mill timber is easy of access and is of good, clear bod^^ , largely 
composed of standards and veterans. 

Forested and other lands in T. 30 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Forested area 15, 340 

Nonforested area (glades and meadows) 7, 700 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Percent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
80, 000, 000 


Feet B. 31. 

93, 700, 000 

3, 740, 000 


White fir 


Total 








80, 000, 000 


97, 440, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species uith 
basal diameters of 4 inches and ujnvard. 

Yellow pine 70 

Lodgepole pine 20 

White fir 10 

Township 30 South, Range 12 East. 



This township forms the eastern slopes of the Yamsay Range, an 
ancient volcanic center. The areas are rocky and broken, and along 
the upper slope the forest has largely been burned and replaced by 
brush growths. This township was not examined personalh', but was 
estimated from information. 



324 



FOEEST KESEKVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. SO S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Acres 

Forested area 11, 040 

Nonforested area (rocks and glades 5,000, burned 7,000) 12, 000 

Logged area None. 

Badly burned area 8, 000 

Total stand of timher in T. 30 S. , E. 1£ E. , Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
35, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. SO ,S., B. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icith basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine "5 

Lodgei^ole pine 25 

Township 30 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. SO S., R. IS E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 040 

Nonforested area 15, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timher in T. SO S., R. IS E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. 31. 
8, 000, 000 


Feet B. 31. 
16, 000, 000 



Township 30 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested' and other areas in T. 30 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 040 

Nonforested area - 13, 000 

Logged area None. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total sland of limber in T. 30 S., R. U E., Oregon. 



325 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
4, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 



Township 31 South, Rangk •! West. 

Area forested and wooded acres. . 23, 000 

Total dand of timber in T. 81 S., R. 2 TF., Oregon. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine 50, 000, 000 

Red fir 100, 000, 000 

Sugan^ine | ig, 160, 000 

Incense cedar > 



Total 168, 160, 000 

Township 31 South, Range 1 West. 

Thi.-^ township consists of portions of the Umpqua-Roo^ue River 
divide. It is tilled with a mass of north-south spurs, projecting- from 
this divide as a backbone, and is in consequence a steep and, on the 
whole, inaccessible region for lumbering operations. 

The forest is tire marked throughout, having been badly burned 
along the higher slopes. 

Mill timber is mostly confined to the canyon bottoms and the middle 

elevations. Much of the red tir is of small dimensions and badly tire 

scarred. 

Forested and other area.^ in T. •;/ X, R. 1 11'., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly l)urned area 8, 500 

Logged area - - Xone. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cait. 

39.3 
4.2 

52.3 
2.6 
1.5 


Feel B. M. 
75, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
100, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 


Feel B. M. 
85, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 ' 
175,000,000 
25, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 

Red tir 


White tir 


Incense cedar 

Total 




191,000,000 


300, 000, 000 



326 forest reserves. 

Township 31 South, Range 1 East. 

This township is situated on slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River 
divide, a ridge separating the drainage basin of Rogue River from 
that of the South Umpqua River. The divide enters the township 
in the northeast corner and strikes through it in a direction a trifle 
south of west. The position of the township is thus partly on the 
northern, partly on the southern slopes of the divide. The crest of 
the ridge is a narrow, rocky hogback, 40 to 50 yards wide in some 
places, in other localities not more than 3 or 4 yards. In its course 
through the township it varies in altitude from 4,000 to 5,500 feet. 
It slopes off very sharply, both on the northern and on the southern 
declivities. The southern slopes, which form the central and southern 
areas of the township, consist of a large number of narrow, tortuous 
ridges, inclosing deep canyons. In general all the canyons in these 
portions of the township head sharply in the steep slopes of the divide, 
have narrow bottoms 2 to 4 rods wide, and very steep, often rocky 
sides. The northern declivities of the divide are similar to the south- 
ern, but the canyon bottoms are generally wider. 

The run-off of the township is large, and flows away in two direc- 
tions, namely, northward to South Umpqua River, southward to Rogue 
River bv way of Elk Creek. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. The central por- 
tions contain a few hundred acres of grazing lands. They consist of 
open, park-like ridges, covered with yellow pine, where the scattered 
timber permits a thin growth of grass to exist. Cattle range on these 
tracts, but no sheep. 

The township adjoins known mineral-bearing areas on the east, north, 
and west. While, so far, no mineral deposits have been discovered 
here, it is very probable that prospecting will eventually disclose them 
on both sides of the divide. 

All three of the forest types which occur on the nearby slopes of the 
Cascades are represented in the township. The yellow-pine type is the 
prevailing forest at low altitudes on the southern and western slopes of 
the ridges. The red-fir type occupies the canyon bottoms and moist 
northern and eastern declivities, while the alpine-hemlock type is limited 
to the summit and highest slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 

The 3^ellow-pine type is not abundant or well developed. Its stands 
are thin and scattering, and the component trees, yellow and sugar 
pine, are only of medium dimensions — 20 to 30 inches in basal diame- 
ters, 15 to 20 feet clear trunks. Occasionally, however, there occur 
veteran sugar pines, remnants of a very old growth, whose diameters 
vary from 6 to 10 feet. These giants are not ver}^ common, and almost 
every one of them is in a state of decay, due to sears and basal burns 
of modern times. The red-fir type is abundant and well developed. It 
occurs of three ages — veterans, standards, and young growth. The 



LEIBKRfi.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



827 



vetovans arc mixed with sugar pine, yellow pine, and white iir. and 
have dimensions varying from 5 to 9 feet in diameter at the base, with 
dear trunks 40 to 80 feet in height. The standards occur in extensive 
bodies throughout the canyon bottoms. The trees average '2 to 3 feet 
in basal diameters, with clear trunks U) to 60 feet in length. The 
3'^oung growth represents reforestations after fires which burned the 
forest one hundred years ago. Stands of this kind are chiefly con- 
fined to the northern slopes of the divide, where they appear to have 
replaced growths of alpine-hemlock type. 

The alpine-hemlock type is composed mostly of no])le fir and alpine 
hemlock in almost equal proportions. Previous to fires, originating 
since the white man's oocupancy of the region, the stands of this type 
were of magnificent proportions. To judge from the remains there 
were largo areas which carried more than 100,000 feet B. ]M. per acre. 
The best stands were composed of large veteran trees 2^ to 3^ feet in 
diameter at the base, with long columnar trunks 50 to 60 feet In the 
clear. Little remains now but the fire-killed trunks. 

Ninety per cent of the forest in the township is fire marked. Forty 
per cent of the standing timber has been consumed by fire within the 
past forty-five years, but no area has been burned completely ofl'; there 
is always some little timber left. Most of the burned-over areas are 
reforesting, principally with red fir. A few of the southern slopes 
are becoming brush covered, dense thickets of I'hododendron and of 
vellum-leaved ceanothus occupying the ground. 

The southern areas of the township are readily accessible to logging 
operations by way of the various canj'on bottoms. The central por- 
tions can be reached only with difficulty, while the summit and higher 
slopes are practically inaccessible. 

Forested and other arem in T. SI S. , E. 1 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area 7, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 1 E., <yregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

Noble fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . . . 
Alpine hemlock. 

Total 



Per cent. 

8.8 

2.7 

70. S 

7. 1 



10.6 



Feet B. 31. 
10, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
80, 000, 000 

S, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



12, 000, 000 



Feet B. . 

16, 500, 

3, 000, 

160,000, 

11,000, 

8, 000, 

620, 

14, 000, 



.1/". 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 



113, 000, 000 213, 120, 000 



328 FOKEST EESERVES. 

Compomhon of fared in T. 31 S., R. 1 K, Oregon, including trees of all species vith 

basal diameters of 4 inches and tipward. 

I'er cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Sugar pine 1 

White pine 005 

Lodgepole pine 5 

Incense cedar 005 

Oaks, etc 1 

Red fir 60 

White fir G 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir 0005 

Alpine hemlock 10 

Township 31 South, Range 3 East. 

This township mostly comprises areas on the southern declivities of 
the Umpqvia-Rog-ue River divide, a small portion in the northwest 
corner overlapping on the northern side of the ridge. The entire 
tract consists of a mass of rough, steep, rocky ridges radiating from 
the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, and inclosing narrow canyons with 
precipitous slopes. The southern and portions of the central areas 
consist of volcanic rocks of the same composition as like formations 
in the Cascades. The northern sections consist chiefly of porphyries 
and similar ancient eruptive rocks. 

The run-ofl' from the township is of small volume. That from the 
central and western areas reaches Rogue River bv way of Elk Creek, 
while that which originates in the eastern sections flows into North 
Fork of Rogue River through a number of small creeks. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. The grazing lands 
consist of small marshy glades at the heads of various streams. Few 
of the glades are really open or meadow-like; most of them carrjdng 
scattered groups of trees. Cattle range throughout the township, 
subsisting on browse and on the trifling amount of grass the glades 
are capable of supplying. There are no sheep regularly pastured, but 
occasionalh" Ijands are driven across the township to grazing grounds 
in the adjoining township on the north, T. 30 S., R. 2 E. 

The northwestern portion of the township is mineral bearing, and 
a number of claims, said to be of promising appearance, have there 
been lately opened. 

The forest consists of stands belonging to the 3"ellow-pine, red-fir, 
and alpine-hemlock types. The latter type inhabits the region in the 
northern portion of the township along the summit and upper slopes of 
the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The j^ellow-pine and red-fir t3'pes 
occur on the lower slopes and in the bottoms of canyons. 

The western and some of the central portions of the township have 



LEiBERc] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 329 

been badly WiinuHl. No tracts have been swept oomplotoly clean, thin 
stfinds or scattered trees occurring on all of the tire-marked areas. 
The eastern sections contain large quantities of good mill timber, red 
fir in standard dimensions being the prevailing species. 

The western and central sections are difficult of access; the eastern 
can be logged from the Rogue River bottoms on the east. 

Forestrrl and otJirr areas in T. 31 K, R. 2 K, Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area - - - 23, 040 

Badly burned area ''*' 500 

Logged area -^ °^^^' 

Total sta^id of timber in T. 31 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red lir 

White fir 

Xbble fir 

Incense cedar . . . 
Alpine hemlock. 



Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

9.8 

4.9 

65.5 



5.4 

.6 
13. 7 



Feet B. M. 
18,000,000 
9, 000, 000 
120, 000, 000 



10, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

25, 000, 000 



183, 000, 000 



Michigan i)rac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
23, 467, 200 

9, 850, 000 
205, 338, 000 

6, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 

1,684,000 
33, 000, 000 



293, 339, 200 



Com posit ion of forest in T. 31 S., R.2E., Oregon, including trees of edl species vith Ixisal 



np- 

Yellow i^ine. 
Sugar pine. 



diameters of 4 inches and ujnvard. 



Per cent. 
.. 10 



Red fir ''^ 

White fir ^ 

Noble fir - ^ 

Alpine hemlock ' ■'' 

Incense cedar ^ "^ 

TowNSHir 81 South, Range 3 East. 

The western sections of this township consist of low. rockv termi- 
nations of spurs radiating from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 
The central sections comprise a strip of terraced bottom land 2 miles 
wide, stretching through the township from north to south, deeply 
covered with pumice debris, and constituting the valley, in part, of the 
North Fork of Rogue River. The eastern areas consist of a steep, 
rocky escarpment falling away to the west from the summit of Huckle- 



330 FOREST EESERVES. 

beny Mountain, a volcanic plateau-like tract in some of its portions 
and connected with the main range of the Cascades in its southeastern 
corner. 

The run-off from the township is small and is carried b}' the North 
Fork of Rogue River. The bed of the stream lies between low banks 
4 or 5 yards in height. Its current is rapid, but is interrupted in 
several localities by dikes of lava, through which the stream has cut 
narrow rocky channels. 

There are small tracts of grazing and ha}" lands bordering the river, 
500 or 600 acres in all; otherwise there are no clear lands in the 
township. The Rogue River bottoms, now heavily forested, would 
probably become agricultural in character were the timber cleared off. 
This would give 4,000 or 4,500 acres of such land to the township. 

The forest is made up of all the types in the region. The yellow- 
pine type occurs in the Avestern portions chiefly, and in detached 
patches mixed with red-lir type in the Rogue River bottoms, where it 
exists as reforestations after fires, and in the natural course of events 
will be supplanted by red fir. The chief stands of the red-fir type 
occur on the bottom lands. It is a massive forest, composed almost 
wholly of veterans and standards. Much of it is of large dimensions. 
The red fir averages 2 to 4 feet in diameter, with clear trunks 50 to 
100 feet in height; the sugar pine is about the same size for standards, 
while veterans are often found that are T to 8 feet in diameter, with 
clear trunks 40 to 60 feet in length. Unfortunately there is not a 
great deal of this sort of forest, which only occurs on the lowest ter- 
races of the bottom lands. The tract can be logged with the greatest 
facilit}", and appears to be held wholly" by private owners who long 
since acquired title to it. The alpine-hemlock t3'pe occurs on the 
slopes leading up to the summit of Huckleberrj^ Mountain. It is of 
poor quality and practically inaccessible for logging operations. 

With the exception of red-fir stands on bottom lands the forest has 
been marked by fire throughout the township. The slopes of Huckle- 
berry Mountain have especially suffered severely. 

Reforestation is scant}^ everywhere; it is practically lacking on 
Huckleberry Mountain, where heavy brush growths flourish on all the 
fire-swept areas. 

There are no mineral-bearing areas in the township. 

Forested and other areas i)i T. 31 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10,880 

Nonforested area (glades and meadows, 4,000; burned, 8,160) 12,160 

Badly burned area 15,000 

Logged area Xone. 



LEIBERG.I 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



331 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Western hemlock 
Alpine hemlock.. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
3.3 
5.2 



88.8 
2.6 



Total , 



Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



135, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 



152, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

8, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

150, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

480, 000 

1, 200, 000 



183, 680, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

•' Per cent. 

Yellow pine ^ 

Sugar pine - - " 

White pine ^ 

Lodgepole pine - '"' 

Red fir ''^ 

White fir - 12 

Noble fir " 

Alpine fir -'^ 

Western hemlock ^J- 

Alpine hemlock ^ 

Township 31 South, Range 4 East. 

Most of this township consists of tracts comprised within the lines 
of Huckleberry Mountain, a volcanic mass rising to a height of 6,000 
feet, and connected with the main range of the Cascades by a narrow 
ridge in the southeastern angle of the township. The summit of 
Huckleberry forms a sort of plateau broken by a few minor depres- 
sions and low combs. On its southern side the mountain slopes 
gradually into Red Blanket Canyon. On the north it presents a bold 
and steep front to the Rogue River Valley, while on the east there is a 
steep descent to the narrow bottom of Union Creek. The region is 
covered with a blanket of fine pumice, which is not very thick on 
Huckleberry Mountain, but is of unknown depth in the northern por- 
tions of the township at the base of the mountain. The drainage dis- 
charged from the township is large in volume and flows out by way of 
Union Creek into the North Fork of Rogue River. 

The township contains no agricultural lands. The grazing areas 
consist of fire glades on the top of the mountain. There is a thin and 
sparse growth of grass and sedge everywhere on the burned tracts. 
In the center of the township the glades originated centuries ago and 
carry a close, thick sward of grass. 



332 FOREST RESERVES. 

No mineral-bearing- lands occur in the township. 

Fire has marked all of the forest. Almost one-half of the entire 
area in the township has had all its forest swept off clean. Some of 
the burns are very old; many are of quite recent origin. In the latter 
there is a vast accumulation of litter ready for fresh conflagrations. 
Reforestation is scanty, in most places entirely absent. The burned 
tracts are covered with thin growths of grass or overrun with black- 
berry brambles and huckleberry brush. The burns constitute the 
famous huckleberry patch of the Klamath Indians. When berries are 
ripe, Indians and white men, women and children, from within a radius 
of 100 miles congregate here to pick berries. As reforestations would 
inevitably spoil the berry patch the incentive *to fire setting is great 
with these people. 

Most of the forest is composed of stands belonging to the alpine- 
hemlock type. The heaviest growth occurs adjacent to and in the 
canyon of Union Creek. Anterior to the fires set by the white man 
the larger portion of the mountain contained many heavy stands of 
noble fir and white pine. The timber that is untouched by fire is of 
fair quality, but most of it is inaccessible to loggers. In Union Creek 
Canyon occurs the largest and purest growth of western hemlock to be 
found in the southern part of the Cascade Range Forest Reserve. The 
trees are small, however, averaging 18 to 22 inches in diameter at the 
base, with clear trunks 20 to 30 feet in length. Yellow pine, red fir, 
and incense cedar occur in small quantities in the northern portion of 
the township at the base of the mountain. 

Forested and other areas in T. SI S., R. 4E., Oregon. 

Acres. 
Forested area 14 720 

Nonforested area (burned) 8 320 

Burned-out area g 320 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
1, 000, 000 
1,000,000 
6, 000, 000 
4, 200, 000 

98, 000, 000 

600, 000 

8, 000, 000 

13, 400, 000 


Sugar pine 






White pine 


6.6 


5, 000, 000 


Kedfir 


Noble fir 


79 


60, 000, 000 


Incense cedar 


Western hemlock 


4 
10.4 


3, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 


Alpine hemlock 


Total 




76, 000, 000 


132, 200, 000 







LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 833 

Composition afforest in T. 31 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species villi basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 01 

Sugar pine 01 

White pine ^ '^ 

Lodgei)ole pine lo 

Incense cedar 001 

Red fir 5 

White fir 2 

Noble fir 70 

Western hemlock o 

Alpine hemlock 4 

Township 31 South, Range 5 East. 

With the exception of its southeast corner this township is situated 
on the western slope of the main range of the Cascades. Two-thirds 
of the area inchided within its limits consist of tracts nearly level or 
with very g-entle slopes toward the east. In the eastern sections rockj'^ 
combs and low volcanic cones break up the level surface, while near 
the southern boundary, Union Peak, surrounded by rough lava masses, 
rises to a height of 7,881 feet above sea level. The northern portions 
of the township consist of a low range of lava hills with an east- west 
direction. Pumice debris, mostly tine, but occasionally in bowlder- 
like masses, covers all of the township excepting the summits of the 
extinct volcanoes and a number of rocky escarpment too steep to hold 
the pumice in place. 

The visible run-off originating in the township is small and flows 
into Rogue River by way of Castle Creek. The channel of this stream 
is sunk in a canyon 300 to 350 feet in depth excavated in the loose 
pumice. 

There are no agricultural or mineral lands in the township. The 
grazing area embraces the entire tract, exclusive of Union Peak, and 
consists wholly of areas on which the forest has been burned, there 
being no natural meadows in the region. The grass growth is sparse 
and scattered. In former years sheep were pastured everywhere in 
the township, but during the last two years none have been there. 

Exclusive of a few stands of red fir and j^ellow pine in the north- 
west corner of the township, the forest is of the alpine-hemlock type. 
Eighty per cent of the timber has been burned since the white man's 
occupanc}^ and the burned-over tracts, which originalh^ carried stands 
of noble fir and alpine hemlock, have reforested with thin and scat- 
tered stands of lodgepole pine or are without forest cover. ^Most of 
the present forest consists of this species. Fires within recent years 
have destroyed considera))le quantities of these reforestations. Owing 
to the altitude of the township, 6,000 feet in the mean, brush growths 
do not flourish. Hence fires are followed by a thin sward of coarse 
grass and sedge, which after a lapse of some years becomes covered 



334 



FOREST RESERVES. 



with stands of lodgepole pine, the forerunner of the alpine-hemlock 
type proper, of noble fir and alpine hemlock. Sixty per cent of the 
area of the township is covered with this transition type of forest. 
The g'lades due to i-ecent fires are not reforesting to any o-reat extent, 
but l)ear preliminary grass growth or are devoid of vegetation, save 
for a few scattered weeds and high altitude plants. 

The mill timber is of poor quality and is widely scattered, mostly in 
localities yhere barren, rocky ground prevented the spread of fires. 
To the south and east of Union Peak are a few heavy stands of alpine 
hemlock and noble fir. Most of the township is accessible for logging- 
operations b}^ way of the present Fort Klamath-Rogue River wagon 
road. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 480 

Nonforested area (bare rocks) 2, 560 

Badly burned area 4, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. Feet B. 31. 


Feet B. M. 

200, 000 

680, 000 

20, 000, 000 

36, 000, 000 


Red fir 






Noble fir 


50 
50 


10, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 


Alpine hemlock 

Total 


20, 000, 000 


56, 880, 000 



Conipo.'iitioii of the forest in T. 31 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith 
diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine Scattered trees in Union Creek Canyon. 

Sugar pine Scattered trees in Union Creek Canyon. 

White pine Scattered trees in Union Creek Canyon. 

Lodgepole pine 40 

Red fir Scattered trees in Union Creek Canyon. 

White fir Scattered trees in Union Creek Canyon. 

Noble fir 3 

Alpine fir Scattered. 

Alpine hemlock 56 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 335 

TowxsHip 31 South, Range 6 East. 

This township is situated mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cas- 
cades, a hundred acres in the northwest corner extending- over on the 
western slope. 

Almost the entire township consists of high, rociv}^, lava ridges 
varying in elevation from 6,000 to 7,000 feet, with occasional flats 
between them and on their summits. Most of the region is pumice 
covered. 

A large volume of water flows out of the township. It is carried 
by Anna and Sun creeks, which head in large springs near Crater 
Lake. The streams lie in deep canyons, the one containing Anna 
Creek being noteworthy on account of its gorge-like character. 

The township contains no agricultural lands. There are small tracts 
of grazing land consisting of fire glades now in process of reforesta- 
tion. Sheep were pastured in the western sections of the township in 
former years. There have been none in the last two or three years. 

The forest consists of stands of alpine-hemlock type. It is fire 
marked throughout. Fifty per cent of the timber has been burned 
by fires originating since the coming of the white man, but long before 
his advent the region was periodically burned over. Most of the for- 
est consists of reforestations of lodgepole pine, or of small-growth 
alpine hemlock, white pine, and noble fir, which are gradually sup- 
planting the lodgepole pine. Some of these reforestations are in a 
fair state of preservation; others have been badly burned in recent 
years. Much of the area here termed forested contains only scattered 
trees and might, perhaps, be more appropriately classed as wooded. 
This is the case with all the areas in the northern sections adjoining 
Crater Lake, which naturally are barren and rocky and carry only 
small amounts of arborescent vegetation in thin, widely scattered 
stands. 

The mill timber is of poor quality throughout. Most of it occurs 
on rough lava ridges situated between the canyons of Anna and Sun 
creeks in the central portions of the township. The crest of the Cas- 
cades, a narrow comb of lava in the western areas, carries a few heavy 
stands of alpine hemlock and noble fir. The region is inaccessible for 
logging operations. 

Forested and other areas in T. SI S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area -1,440 

Nonfore.sted area (bare rocks) 1' ^'^^ 

Badly burned area ■^' ^^^ 

Logged area jsone. 



336 



FOREST KESERVES. 

Total titund of timber in T. :U S., B. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


White pine 


Per cent. Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 

520, 000 


White fir 




Noble fir 


40 
60 


10, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 


Alpine hemlock 


Engelmann spruce 


Total 







25, 000, 000 


50, 520, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all .species vitJi husal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine Occasional trees. 

Sugar pine Occasional trees. 

White pine 0. 5 

White-bark pine Occasional trees. 

Lodgepole pine 30 

White fir 3 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir Occasional trees. 

Alpine hemlock 56 

Engelmann spruce 001 

Township 31 South, Range 6i East. 

This township is situated on the eastern slope of the main range of 
the Cascades, and comprises a mass of rocky spurs and ancient lava 
flows radiating from Mount Scott and the volcanic vents in the region 
of Crater Lake as their focus. 

The forest on the higher slopes is subalpine in character. Fires 
have ravaged it in all directions. The burned tracts are either slowly 
reforesting with lodgepole pine and alpine hemlock or are covered 
with dense brush growths. 

Mill timber is confined to the lower slopes of the ridges radiating 
from Mount Scott and to the middle elevations on the areas southeast 
of Crater Lake. The subalpine varieties are of poor quality; the 
yellow pine on the lowest slopes is fair in character and not especiall}' 
difficult of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S. , R. 6h E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 040 

Nonforested area (bare rocks and glades) 2, 000 

Badly burned area 6, 000 

Logged area None. 



I.EIBERC] 



CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 
Total stand of timber in T. SI S., R. 6\ E., Oregon. 



337 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. .V. 

Yellow pine 77. 50, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 

White fir ' 1,000,000 

Noble fir ' 7.7 1 5,000,000 5,000,000 

Alpine hemlock 15.3 , 10,000,000 27,920,000 



^Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Total 



65, 000, 000 98, 920, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 31 S., li. 6^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba.ml 
diameters of 4 inches and iqnmrd. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

White-bark \nne 
Lodgepole pine. . 
White fir 



Per cent. 
. - 55 



20 
1 



Noble fir - - - 

Alpine hemlock -^ 

Engelmann spruce - ■'■ 

Township 31 South, Kange 7 East. 

This township consists of level, pumice-covered areas along the 
eastern base of the Cascades. 

The forest in the central and eastern portions is chie% a lodgepole 
growth, reforestations after tires which burned and destroyed the tim- 
ber thirty or forty years ago. Before these tires the forest was lodge- 
pole also, made so by fires during the exclusive Indian occupancy. 

The mill timber is yellow pine, and occurs in the western and south- 
western areas, with small stands of it scattered among the lodgepole- 
pine growth. It is of medium quality, being knotty and fire seared. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area -^' ^^ 

Nonforested area (rocks and glades) '^> 040 

Logged area 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., jR. 7 E., Oregon. 



None. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
White fir . . . 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Pec cent. 
100 



Fed B. .V. 
40, 000, 000 



Total I 40,000,000 



Feet B. iV. 
71, 500, 000 
500, 000 



72, 000, 000 



21 GEOL, PT 5- 



-22 



338 forp:st eeserves. 

Compnxitwn of forci^t in T. 31 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of aU species vitli Jxtsal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 24 

Lodgepole pine 75 

White fir 

Incense cedar , / 

Township 31 South, Range 8 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade Range. The north- 
western and the southeastern areas consist of low, pumice -covered 
levels but slightly elevated above Klamath Marsh which carry a forest 
of lodgepole pine, which marks the lines of comparatively recent reces- 
sions of the marsh. The balance of the lands in the township comprise 
marsh and tule lands, permanently or intermittingly covered with 
water derived from the Williamson River and from local drainage. 
The forest is composed entirely of lodgepole pine, with no mill timber 
at all. 

Forested and other areas In T. 31 S., R. S E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 5, 640 

Nonforested area ( Klamath Marsh ) 17, 400 

TowNSHir 31 South, Range 9 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades. It comprises in its 
western areas chiefly permanently water-covered tracts of Klamath 
Marsh; in its eastern portions low, pumice-covered lava ridges and 
slopes, which are intersected b}' or inclose small grassy glades. 

The hills and higher levels carry yellow pine, while lodgepole pine 
fringes the marshy areas and the small glades. Fires have run 
through all the forest stands in the township, badly searing much of 
the yellow pine. 

The mill timber is easy of access, is of medium quality, but contains 
a large percentage of dimensions below standards, 45 per cent running 
below 22 inches basal diameter. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 8., R. 9 E., Oregon. 

Acre.s. 

Forested area 14, 740 

Nonforested area (marsh and meadow ) 8, 300 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Per cent. Feet B. M. 

Yellow i>ine j 100 35,000,000 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

76, 160, 000 



LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 339 

Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and rtptrard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 80 

Lodgepolo pine 19 

White lir 1 

Township 31 South, RancxE 10 East. 

This township, situated east of the Cascade Range, consists of low, 
rollino- hills, volcanic in their origin, covered with a fine, light, a.shv- 
gray pumice detritus and furrowed by shallow gullies which occasion- 
ally widen into small grassy glades or flats covered with lodgepole pine. 

Most of the timber is tire marked, but the damage has been light. 
Fires have not run much in later years and the young growth of yellow 
pine is therefore abundant. 

The mill timber is mostly composed of standards and veterans with 
exceptionally long, clear trunks. The stand of timber in the township 
is as a whole a most valuable one. It is readily accessible from the 
valley of the Williamson River. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., A'. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



species. 



Yellow pine 



Local {jfactice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
200, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet. B. iV. 
220, 800, 000 



Composition (f forest in T. SIS., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trei.^ of all species ridth hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 95 

Lodgepole ])ine 4 

White lir 1 

Township 31 South, Range 11 East. 



This township isvsituated east of the Cascade Range. The lands in 
this township consist in the eastern areas of lava .slopes and ridges 
radiating from the Yanisaj^ Range; in the western areas partly of dry 
meadow lands bordering the Williamson River, and in part of low 
pumice-covered lava slopes bordering the west bank of the Williamson 
River. 



340 



FOEEST KESERVES. 



The forest is fire marked throughout; the damage has been light. 
Lodgepolc-pine stands fringe the meadow lands along the Williamson, 
yellow-pine timber covers the slopes. 

The mill timber is of good quality, largely composed of standards, 
and is readily accessible from the Williamson Riv^er bottoms. 

Forested and other areas in T. SI S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 140 

Nonforested area (meadows and glades) 3,900 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

White fir 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
140, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
200, 000, 000 
2, 900, 000 


Total 








140,000,000 


202, 900, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 31 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species icith 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow^ I^ine 95 

Lodgepole pine 4 

White fir 1 

Township 31 South, Range 12 East. 

This township is situated on the eastern slopes of the Yamsay 
Range, a pumice-covered lava region. The area was not examined per- 
sonally, but was estimated from information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15, 040 

Nonforested area 8, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 

17,000,000 


Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 





G.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 



341 



with 



Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 13 K, Oregon, mcluding trees of all speaes w 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^^ ^^^^ 



Yellow pine 

Lodgepole pine. 



40 
60 



Township 31 South, Range 13 East. 

This township consists of low hills bordering Sycan Marsh on the 
west. It was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. ^^^^^^ 

11,040 

Forested area - ^2 000 

Nonforested area Xone. 

Logged area 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 13 E. , Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 



Feet B. M. 



100 8,000,000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 31 S., R. 13 K, Oregon, including trees of all species withhasal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 

Lodgepole pine. 



Per cent. 
.... 20 
.... 80 



Township 31 South, Range 14 East. 

The lands in this township consist chiefly of areas adjoining Sycan 
Marsh. They were not examined personally, but were estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. U E, Oregon. ^^^^^^ 

11,040 

Forested area ^2 000 

Nonforested area None. 

Logged area 

Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
24, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
48, 000, 000 



342 FOREST EESERVES. 

Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 14 E., Orrgon, imiuding treca of all species ivHh basal 
diameters of 4 incites and vpirard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Lodgepole pine 90 

Township 32 South, Range 2 West. 

This township is situated on both slopes of the Umpqiia-Rog-ue 
River divide, which strikes through the township from west to east. 
It is a very rocky and broken region and ditiicult of access for lum- 
bering operations. It was examined in part personally and the bal- 
ance estimated from information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 2 11", Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 22, 440 

Nonforested area (naturally nonforested) 600 

Badly burned area 3, 500 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Per cent. Feet B. M. Fed B. M. 

Yellowpine | 7.4 \ 10,000,000 15,000,000 

Sugarpine ' 3.7 5,000,000 6,000,000 

Red fir 86. 3 116, 500, 000 j 175, 000, 000 

White fir 2.2 3,000,000 , 12,000,000 

Incense cedar .4 500,000 i 1,000,000 



Total I I 135,000,000 209,000,000 



Township 32 South, Range 1 West. 

This township consists of a broken and rugged region sloping north 
and south from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, which traverses the 
township in an east-west direction. It is difficult of access for lumber- 
ing operations. 

The forest is fire-marked throughout. Result of fires is brush 
growths on the southern slopes; reforestations of red fir on the sum- 
mits and north slopes of the ridges. 

The mill timber is of inferior quality, being largely composed of 
red fir, tall in growth, but of small diameters. Most of the sugar 
pine is made up of standards and veterans, badly burned on the lower 
third of the trunk. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANG?: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Forested a„<l other areas in T. 32 S., A'. / 11'., Oregov. 



843 



Acres. 

21,840 

1,200 

5,000 



Forested area 

Nonforested area ( bunieil ) 

Badly burned area ^.^...... None. 

Logged area 

rotaUinnd of timber in T. 32 S., R. 1 W., Orerjon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

Yellow pine 1 ^^- ^ 

Sugar pine "^^ ^ 

Red tir 

White lir 

Incense cedar 



Total . 



5. 5 



Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 
7, 000, 000 
108, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
1,000,000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



FeetJi. M. 

30, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

195, 000, 000 

13, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



144, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 1 TF., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^^ ^^^^^ 

.... 20 
Yellow pine ^^ 

Sugar pine ~^^ 

Red fir 



White fir 

Incense cedar 



Oaks, etc 



TowKSHir 32 South, Kange 1 East. 



s 

. 001 
1.9 



This township is situated on the southern slopes of the Umpqua- 
Rooue River divide, and chietiy forms the upper drainage basin of Elk 
Creek. It is a very broken region with steep slopes and narrow can- 
yons between the ridges. 

^ The forest is heavy along the upper slopes where fires have spared 
it but is of thin and scattering growth on the lower declivities fronting 
on the Rogue River Valley. The forest is fire-marked throughout 
and exhibits large areas covered with brush and with l)ut scattered 

trees as the result. ^ 

The mill timber is of inferior ciuality, being badly fire-seared as 
regards the red fir, which is generally of small dimensions. 



Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 



Forested area 

Badlv burned area 

Logged area (culled and cut over for mining purposes). 



A ores. 
23, 040 
8,000 
200 



344 



FOREST RESERVES. 
Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total . . , 



Local practice. 



Per cetit. 

16.6 

. 5 

81.6 

1.1 

.2 



Feet B. M. 

30, 000, 000 

800, 000 

147, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

200, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

48, 000, 000 

800, 000 

190, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

440, 000 



180, 000, 000 247, 240, 000 



Composition of forest vi T. 32 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Percent. 

Yellow pine 22 

Sugar pine .2 

Red fir 70 

White fir 5 

Oaks, etc 2. 8 

Township 32 South, Range 2 East. 

This township comprises a mass of high, often rocky, spurs pro- 
jecting southward from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 

Fires have run throughout the township, causing large deforested 
areas now covered with brush growths. The slopes fronting on the 
Rogue River Valley are mostly rockv, with sparse forest stands of 
yellow pine and small red fir. 

The mill timber is generally of poor quality, and much of it is 
inaccessible. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 540 

Nonforested area (burned, 2.000; agricultural, etc., 2,500) 4, 500 

Badly burned area 7, 500 

Logged area (culled over) 2, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . , 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total . . . 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Per cent. 
58.8 

7.3 
29.4 

3.7 



Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 

2, 500, 000 
500, 000 



Feet B. M. 
54, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

110,000,000 

10, 000, 000 

1, 120, 000 



68, 000, 000 



181, 120, 000 



LEiBKKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 345 

Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. ,? E., Oregon, including trees of all species irilh basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Sugar pine 1 

Red fir - . - - 60 

White fir 6 

Incense cedar .3 

Oaks, etc 2. 7 

Township 32 South, RancxE 3 East. 

This township consists of level bottom lands in the Rogue River 
Valley, with portions of the Mill Creek and Red Blanket bottoms and 
benches. 

The forest is of massive proportions, but its uniformity is broken 
by numerous patches of young red-fir, yellow-pine, and lodgepole-pine 
stands, which are reforestations after ancient fires — that is, of fires 
which burned within the last eight}?' or one hundred years. Settle- 
ments along the Mill Creek bottoms have made inroads in the forest. 
Modern fires have burned chiefly along Red Blanket Creek, 

The mill timber is excellent and easy of access. Much of the red fir 
and sugar pine run from 5 to 7 feet basal diameters, with clear trunks 
70 feet in length. 

Reproduction is good; soil is chiefly a pumice sand. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 940 

Nonforested area (burned 4,000; meadows and glades, 1,100) 5, 100 

Badlj' burned area 3, 000 

Logged area (culled over) 2, 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R.3E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White i)ine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Western hemlock 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

5.7 
28.5 

1.4 
63 

1.4 



Feet B. M. 

20, 000, 000 

100, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
220, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 



Total 350, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

45, 000, 000 

100, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

286, 000, 000 

12, 240, 000 

3, 000, 000 



452, 240, 000 



346 FOREST RESERVES. 

Composition of forent in T. 32 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species u-itli hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per fcnt. 

Yellow pine 9 

Sugar pine 22 

White pine 1 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Western hemlock 5 

Eed fir 60 

White fir 6 

Noble fir Scattered trees. 

Oaks, etc 5 

Township 32 North, Range 4 East. 

The position of this township is well over on the western declivities 
of the Cascades. It comprises rock}- and mountainous slopes draining 
partly into Red Blanket Canyon and partly into the canyon of the 
Middle Fork of Rogue River. The southern areas are especially rocky 
and broken, a point named Bessie Rock being the nucleus for a system 
of deeply sculptured ridges and canyons. In the extreme southern 
part of the township, where the ridges that center in Bessie Rock 
break off to the canyon of the Middle Fork, they present a front 2,800 
feet in height. The soil everywhere is thin and mostly composed of 
pumice. ]\Iuch of it appears to have been washed away as a result of 
forest lires. 

The drainage channels consist of the middle portions of Red Blanket 
Creek and a 4 or 5 mile section of the Middle Fork of Rogue River. 
Red Blanket is a small stream and carries a moderate volume of water. 

The township contains no grazing or agricultural lands and no known 
mineral-bearing" areas. 

The forest belongs whoU}' to the alpine-hemlock type. Formerl}^ 
many of the stands of noble fir and alpine hemlock must have been of 
fine proportions. Within the last forty years fires have laid low most 
of the timber and damaged that which still stands on root. The tires 
have been hot and have covered a large area. On the slopes facing the 
Middle Fork Canj^on one ma}" look up and down for miles and not 
see many trees. On most of the burned-over area there is practically 
no reforestation. Brush has taken the place of the forest and appar- 
ently is in permanent possession. 

Most of the mill timber is of small dimensions and is damaged by 
fire. Much of it consists of noble fir. On the south side of Red 
Blanket there is now and then a stand where this species averages 30 
inches in diameter at the base, with clear trunks 30 to 40 feet in length. 

With the exception of limited tracts in the extreme western sections 
the areas of the township are inaccessible for logging operations. 



LEiBKRo] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 347 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., JR. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 040 

Nonforested area (burned) 13, 000 

Badly l)urned area 18, 000 

Logged area Xone. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., B. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



White pine 

Noble fir 

Western hemlock 
Alpine hemlock . . 



Per cent. 

5.8 

88.3 

2. 

3.9 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 
] , 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



51, 000, 000 



Feet II. .V. 

5, 000, 000 

90, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

7, 960, 000 

105, 960, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of cdl species irlth txisal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per ci'iit. 

White pine 2 

Red fir Inconsiderable. 

Alpine fir Inconsiderable. 

Noble fir 88 

Western hemlock 3 

Alpine hemlock 5 



Township 32 South, Range 5 East. 

This township occupies areas on the summit and western slopes of 
the Cascades with the exception of a few liundred acres in the north- 
east and southeast angles, which overlap on the eastern side of the 
range. The summit of the Cascades strikes through the township 
from north to south along its east line. In the northern and in the 
southern portions the summit is a broad, pumice-covered level in some 
places a mile in width with onh' a few low combs interrupting the flat 
surface. In the central portions many cross ridges and isolated 
rocky buttes break up the summit level of the range into an irregular, 
comparatively narrow crest. Most of the township consists of a basin- 
like tract hemmed in on the north, east, and south by terraced lava 
flows which had their origin partly in Union Peak, a volcanic center in 
the next township north, partly in various vents along the main 
summit in the central and southwestern areas of the township. 

The drainage from the township is small in volume. Most of it is 
carried by Red Blanket Creek, which has its rise in the eastern sec 
tions. An insignificant quantity finds its way into the Middle Fork of 



348 FOREST RESERVES. 

Rog-up River. Evidently the larger portion of the annual precipita- 
tion which falls on the areas of the township sinks in the loose pum- 
ice and fissured lava and is lost to view. 

No agricultural lands exist in the township. The grazing areas 
contain in the aggregate 1,500 acres and consist exclusively of fire 
glades which are reforesting more or less rapidl3^ Cattle and sheep 
were pastured in the township in former years. None have been there 
in recent years. 

The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type throughout. It occurs in 
stands of many different ages, each group or aggregation occupving 
small areas surrounded and separated by extensive tracts of burned- 
over ground. Fires of modern times have destroyed 60 per cent of 
the forest. Not all of the fire glades and burned-over tracts are due 
to the white man. Very many date back to the Indian occupanc}'. 
The township appears to have been peculiarly exposed to forest fires 
from as far back as it is possible to trace the history of the present 
forest. Reforestations consist of lodgepole pine and alpine hemlock, 
the former species predominating. Owing to the altitude at which 
the township is situated, 6,000 feet in the mean, brush growths after 
fires are lacking. If a return to forest cover does not take place, then 
the ground either remains bare of vegetation or a thin interrupted 
sward of sedge and grass comes in. 

Most of the mill timber is of inferior quality, besides being com- 
posed of species of no value from the lumberman's point of view. 
The altitude of the region averages too g]-eat for extensive stands of 
large timber in this latitude, but occasional stands of alpine hemlock, 
200 to 300 years old, exhibit fine proportions. At this elevation the 
species usually grows in close groups, composed of 10 or 20 individ- 
uals collected together on what appears to be a common root. Such 
close growth develops clear trunks, although not commonly of large 
diameters. Stands of this character sometimes run as high as 25,000 
feet B. M. per acre. Their extent is, however, quite limited. 

The areas of the township are inaccessible for logging operations, 
and no mineral-bearing ground is there known to occur. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 11 , 440 

Badly burned area (nonforested, deforested by fires) 11, t)00 

Logged area None. 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RAT^GE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 349 

Total xtimd of timber in T. 32 S., R. o E., Oregon. 



Species. 



White pine 

Noble fir 

Wegterii hemlock . 
Alpine hemlock. . . 
Engelmann spruce 



Total 



Local jiractiee. 



Michigan prnr 
tice. 



Per cent. 

3.5 

26.8 



69. 



FeH B. M. 

1, 300, 000 

10, 000, 000 



26, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

1,900,000 

14,000,000 

600, 000 

52,000,000 

460, 000 



37, 300, 000 68, 960, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Percent. 

White pine 

Noble fir ^- 

9 

Alpine fir ~ 

Lodgepole pine ^ 

Alpine hemlock - ^^ 

Other species " 

Township 32 South, Range 6 East. 

The position of this township is on the eastern slope of the Cascades. 
The western portion consists of a strip of the summit of the range. 
It is pumice covered throughout, level in some places, while in others 
it is made up of lava combs, with one conspicuous truncate volcanic 
cone locally known as " Goose Nest." 

The central portions consist of many lava terraces and low ridges, 
the whole constituting a long gradual slope to the foot of the range. 
The eastern sections comprise flat, level tracts but slightly elevated 
above the marshy tracts at the north end of Upper Klamath Lake, 
which barely reach beyond the lines of the township in the southeast 

angle. 

With the exception of a few insignificant springs, the township 
possesses no visible stream within its boundaries. The northeastern 
portions are intersected by Anna Creek, a stream heading in the town- 
ship adjoining on the north. Where the stream enters the township 
its bed is sunk in a canyon 350 to 400 feet in depth, with nearly per- 
pendicular walls, and having a width of about 100 yards at its brink. 
After emerging from the lava flows and terraces in which the canj^on 
is sunk, the^stream flows the balance of the way through the township 
in a channel with banks 10 to 15 feet in height. Its water is used by 
settlers in the adjoining township on the east for purposes of irrigation. 

The township has a small amount of land which, when cleared and 



350 FOEEST KESERVES. 

irrigated, can be used for g-razing and agricultural purposes. The 
total amount is in the neighborhood of 1,000 acres. At present the 
tract carries an open and scattered growth of yellow and lodgepole 
pine. There is a thin sward of grass and sedge among the trees, and 
the land is at present utilized for a cattle range. 

No mineral-bearing areas are known to occur. 

The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine and alpine-hemlock 
t3'pes. It is fire marked throughout. Most of the old and standard 
growth of alpine-hemlock type has long since been burned, and 
reforestations, made up of lodgepole pine, white pine, and alpine hem- 
lock, of small size and in dense, thick stands, have taken the place of 
the former forest. The stands of yellow-pine type have been griev- 
ously thinned by the fires, and dense masses of underbrush, composed 
almost exclusivel}' of the vellum-leaved ceanothus, have occupied the 
place of the burned forest. 

The only mill timber in the township of any commercial value at 
the present time is the yellow pine. It is only of medium qualit}^, 
being defective from fire sears and unusually knotty in the trunk. It 
is easy of access, as it grows only on the lowest levels. The white fir 
is generally too knotty and short of trunk to be of any value; besides 
a large proportion, fully 50 per cent, is defective, owing to rot induced 
by fire. The logging operations have been confined to culling the 
sugar pine for the use of settlers in adjoining townships to the east. 

The area! and timber estimates for the township are as follows: 

Forested and ntlier areas in T. 33 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acre-. 

Forested area 20, 440 

Nonforested area (meadows, glades, and agricultural) 2, 600 

Badly burned area 5, 000 

Logged area (culled over) 1 , 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., B. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


1 
Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
76.3 


Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

65, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


White pine 


White fir 

Noble fir , . . 


18.2 


10, 000, 000 


30, 000, 000 
1,480,000 


Alpine hemlock 


5.4 


3, 000, 000 


10.000.000 


Total 






55, 000, 000 109. 480. 000 








1 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 351 

OjinpoKition of fared in T. 32 S., li. 6 E., Orcf/on, indiidlng trees of all species with hrmd 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 24 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

White pine 2 

Lo(lgei)ole pine 30 

Engelmann spruce Scattered trees. 

Cottonwoods, etc 1 

Red fir Scattered trees. 

Noble fir ] 

White fir 6 

Ali)ino fir 1 

AljiiiH' hemlock 37 

Township 32 South, Range 7i East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade main range. It con- 
sists of low pumice-covered lava slopes and ridg-es in the western areas 
and of marshy tracts in the central portions, which rise into low lava 
plateaus or ridges in the eastern sections. 

Fires have run everywhere throughout the forest stands in the town- 
ship, producing lodgepole-pine and brush growths. 

The mill timber occurs as a fairly solid body in the eastern sections, 
and as scattered aggregations intermixed with much lodgepole pine 
elsewhere. It is of medium quality and eas}- of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., B. 7h E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 640 

Nonforested area (marsh, meadow, and agricultural ) 6, 400 

Badly burned area 7, 500 

Logged area 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total... 



Per cent. 

83.3 

8.3 

8.3 



Feet B. .V. 

50, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
65, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

300, 000 



60, OCO, 000 85, 300, 000 



352 FOREST RESERVES. 

Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon, including trees of all species itrlth. Jmsal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent 

Yellow pine 70 

Sugar pine 1 

White pine Scattered trees along Anna Creek. 

Lodgepole pine . - 15 

Red fir Scattered trees along Anna Creek. 

White fir 13. 5 

Incense cedar ^ 

Cottonwoods ) 

Township 32 South, Range 7 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade Range, and consists of 
a rolling- plateau, pumice covered, furrowed by shallow ravines, and 
ridged here and there by low spurs extending from the Cascades. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. Result of the fires is sup- 
pression of undergrowth and seedling and sapling growth, with forma- 
tion of lodgepole-pine stands along the slopes and in the bottoms of 
the ravines. 

The mill timber is chiefly yellow pine. Except for the lire marks 
the pine is fair in appearance, but the timber when sawed is found to 
be knotty with twisted grain. This is a common defect inherent in 
all yellow pine east of the Cascades in this region, and is due to the 
very open growth caused by the frequently repeated fires of the past 
and present times. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 540 

ISTonforested area (meadows and glades, 1,000; burned, 1,000) 2, 000 

Badly burned area , 1, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber In T. 32 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


1 
Per cent, i Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 

94.6 140,000,000 ] 160,480,000 

5.4 S. 000. 000 1 9.440.000 


Sugar pine 


White fir 






18, 880, 000 








Total 




148, 000, 000 1 88. 800. 000 






1 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 853 

Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R.7E., Oregon, including trees of all species witli hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine - 64 

Sugar pine 5 

Lodgepole pine 5 

White fir 30 

Deciduous species 5 

Township 32 South, Range 8 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade Range. It comprises 
marsh lands, nonforested, wet and swampy areas, and broad flats in the 
northern and central areas; volcanic buttes and slopes covered with 
pumice in the southern sections. 

The low lands carry stands of almost pure lodgepole-pine growths; 
the areas at higher levels carry stands of yellow pine. The 3^ellow- 
pine forest is fire marked throughout with resultant suppression of 
underbrush and young forest growth, and extensive fire searing of the 
larger trees. The lodgepole pine is here not the result of fires, but is 
the primary coniferous growth on land too wet to bear any other. 

The mill timber is of poor quality and occurs on the hills and 
slopes in the southern sections. It is easy of access from Klamath 
Marsh. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S. , R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 240 

Nonforested area (marsh and meadow) 4, 800 

Logged area None. 

Total s'and of timber in T. 32 S., E. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
22, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
34, 560, 000 





Compositon of forest in T. 32 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 15 

Lodgepole pine 85 

Township 32 South, Range 9 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades and comprises in the 
western and central areas wet or swampy lands, in some places perma- 
nently covered with water, in others intermittentlv wet and dry. It 
carries stands of small-growth lodgepole pine or, where too wet, pro- 
duces marsh grass, sedge, rush or tule. 
21 GEOL, PT 5 23 



354 



FOREST RESERVES. 



The eastern areas consist of low, pumice-covered hills and slopes, 
volcanic in their origin, carrying moderately heavy stands of yellow 
pine of medium quality, short bodied and with diameters, for the mill 
timber, of from 20 to 30 inches; 25 per cent of the stand is worthless 
in the lower 6 feet of trunk owing to fire sears. 

The mill timber is easy of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. S'£ S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 

Acres 

Forested area ^'^■> 000 

Nonforested area (marsh and meadow) 9, 040 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 




Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
98, 000, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vnth baml 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine - '^0 

Lodgepole pine 60 

Township 32 South, Range 10 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade Range, and consists of 
low, pumice-covered hills of volcanic origin, lying between Klamath 
Marsh and Williamson River. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. The eastern areas contain 
areas of grassy swales, branching out from the Williamson River bot- 
toms, thinly covered with scattered stands of lodgepole pine. The 
higher levels carry good stands of a fair quality of yellow pine, easy 
of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area ^--- -3, 040 

Nonforested area (thin stands of lodgepole pine) 3,000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine .. ............ 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
120, 000, 000 


Fed B. M. 
154, 800, 000 









LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 855 

Composition of forest in T. S2 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 90 

L( Kliifepole pine 10 

Township 32 South, Range 11 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades, and comprises in the 
western and southern areas flat, pumice-covered bottom lands border- 
ing the Williamson River, nonforested, and producing large quan- 
tities of forage. The eastern portions of the township are formed of 
rolling, pumice-covered lava hills, radiating from the Yamsay Range, 
and bear stands of yellow pine, easy of access, of medium qualit}", 
much cut up, and intersected by stands of lodgepole pine, which are 
reforestations after fires. These lodgepole growths have been badl}'' 
burned in recent years. The yellow pine is fire marked throughout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., 11. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15, 340 

Nonforested area (burned, 2,000; marsh and meadow, 5,700) 7,700 

Badly burned area 4, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine ........ 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
70, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
88, 000, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 32 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species imth hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 75 

Lodgepole pine 25 



Township 32 South, Range 12 East. 

The lands in this township comprise low, rolling, pumice-covered 
slopes situated on the eastern declivities of the Yamsay Range. 

The mill timber is exclusively j^ellow pine, fire marked throughout, 
easy of access from the Sycan, hence from the Sprague River Valle}-; 
of medium qualit}', much intersected by lodgepole-pine reforestations 
after fires; the lodgepole stands extensively invaded by recent fires 
which have utterly destroyed them in many places, giving rise to fire 
glades chiefi}' covered with brush. 



356 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area 5, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
175, 000, 000 


Feet B. 31. 
197, 800, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 32 S. , R. 12 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Lodgepole pine 14.5 

White fir, etc Scattered trees. 

Township 32 South, Range 13 East. 

This township consists of low, pumice-covered lava slopes in its 
western areas belonging to the Yamsay Range. The central portions 
comprise flat or gently rolling, pumice-covered levels, while the eastern 
sections consist of marshy tracts belonging to Sycan Marsh. 

The higher levels of the Yamsay Range carry stands of j^ellow pine 
of medium quality; the intermediate levels bear lodgepole-pine 
growths which are mostly reforestations after ancient fires, but are 
extensively invaded by fires of modern origin. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 14, 040 

Nonf orested area ( marsh ) 9, 000 

Badly burned area 2, 600 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
75, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
91, 500, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 35 

Lodgepole pine 65 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 357 

Township 32 South, Range l-t East. 

This township comprises chiefly marsh lauds belonging to the Sycan, 
and is situate east of the Yamsay Range. It was not personally exam- 
ined, but was estimated from information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. U E., Oregon. 



Forested area 

Nonforested area (marsh). 
Logged area 



Acres. 
13, 040 
10, 000 

None. 



Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. U E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
18, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
32, 000, 000 



Composition of the forest in T. 32 S., R. U K, Oregon, including trees of all species with 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^ ^^^^ 

10 

Yellow pme ^q 

Lodgepole pine 

Township 33 South, Range 2 West. 

This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 



Forested area 

Nonforested area 

Logged area (culled) 
Badly burned area. . . 



Acres. 
22, 040 
1,000 
3,000 
6,000 



Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 2 TF., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Fer cent. 
11 
23 



Feet B. M. 

20, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 



26, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 
11,000,000 



51, 000, 000 



358 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 33 South, Range 1 West. 

This township comprises chiefly terminations of spurs coming- into 
the Rogue River Valley from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. 

Near the Rogue River the ridges and slopes are low and rocky, with 
light stands of timber much mixed with many oak copses. Farther 
back from the river the ridges grow higher, with less oak and heavier 
stands of pine and fir. Along the creeks and on the benches near the 
river are settlements in clearings. Fires have run throughout, and 20 
per cent of the timber has been culled and cut for domestic and saw- 
mill uses. 

The mill timber remaining is of medium quality. Most of the red 
fir is of small diameters and the yellow pine is usually short bodied. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 8., R. 1 W., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 240 

Nonfo rested area (glades and agricultural ) 2, 800 

Badly burned area - 3, 500 

Logged area (culled ) 7, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar i^ne.. 
Red fir 



Per cent. 

59.4 

4.7 

35.9 



Total . 



Feet B. M. 
38, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
23, 000, 000 



64, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
60, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
47, 000, 000 



110, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine -It) 

Sugar pine 4 

Red fir 53 

Oak, madrona, etc 6. 6 



Township 33 South, Range 1 East. 

Rogue River runs through this township in a southwesterly direction, 
and the region comprises chiefly rocky and steep slopes on both sides 
of the river. 

The forest has been extensively burned in recent times, and large 
areas are brush covered in consequence. 

The mill timber is badly fire marked and is of inferior quality as a 
whole. 



LEiBEiu;.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 359 

Forested and other oreaa in T. 3S S., Ji. 1 E., Oreejon. 

Acres. 

Forested area IS 640 

Nonforested area (agricultural and meadow, 3,000; burned, 1,400) 4,400 

Badly burned area 9^ GOO 

Logged area (culled) 2, 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


! 

Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

34.1 

6.8 

59.1 


Feet B. M. 
15, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
26, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

20, 520, 000 

3, 000, 000 

33, 000, 000 

1,500,000 

500, 000 


Sugar pine 


Eed fir 


White tir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








44, 000, 000 


58, 520, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species v>ith basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Bugar pine 5 

Red fir 64. 

White fir 

Incense cedar 

Oak 

Madrona 



5.5 



ToAVNSHip 33 South, Range 2 East. 

The northern areas of the township consist of roek}^, bare, or 
sparsely timbered slopes draining southward into Rogue River. The 
southern portions comprise moderately high and steep slopes draining 
partly into Rogue River, partly into Big Butte Creek. 

Half of the township is fire marked, the destruction having been 
the greatest in the northern portion. The timber on these tracts is 
small and of little value. The southern sections contain heav^y bodies 
of red fir of large growth with intermixed patches of sugar pine, most 
of which are veterans. 



Forested and- other areas in T. 33 S. , R. 2 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 540 

Nonforested area (glades and agricultural ) 2, 500 

Badly burned area 1, 800 

Logged area 500 



360 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar 

Western hemlock 

Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

12 

2.7 

80.6 

3.3 

.4 

1 



Feet B. M. 

18, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

121, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

500, 000 

1, 500, 000 



150, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

24, 000, 000 

4, 600, 000 

156, 000, 000 

16, 000, 000 

800, 000 

2, 400, 000 



203, 800, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 12 

Sugar pine 2 

Red fir 75 

White fir 8 

Incense cedar 

Western hemlock 

Yew 

Oak, madrona 

Township 33 South, Range 3 East. 

This township consists of a plateau region bordering the South and 
the Middle Fork of Rogue River and the nearly level country between 
these two forks, together with a broken region in the southern areas 
draining into the waters of Big Butte Creek. 

The northern and central areas bear a forest of very massive pro- 
portions; the southern sections carry stands which are comparatively 
light and much broken by grassy glades and brush growths after fires 
in recent times. Red fir predominates. It is largely composed of 
standards, with here and there a group of veterans, frequently with 
diameters up to 8 feet. The sugar pine occurs throughout and is 
chiefly composed of veteran stands. Reforestations in the southern 
areas show a remarkably large percentage of white pine, which, how- 
ever, is limby and knotty. 

The forest in this township is much the heaviest in all the country 
covered by this report, and shows to some extent the capacity of the 
region in the line of forest growth where reasonably free from destruc- 
tive fires. But heavy as is the forest it can not be considered as 
representing a "full}^ stocked" area. Fires burned here last summer, 
destroying much timber. They owed their origin to deer hunters. 



LEiBERG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 361 

To obtain a hundred or two hundred pounds of venison several mil- 
lions of feet of timber were destroyed. 

Forested and otlier areas in T. S3 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 840 

Nonforested area ( burned, 2,500; glades, 700) 3, 200 

Badly burned area 4, 200 

Logged area (culled for domestic purposes) 600 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

1.7 

15.6 

.5 

77.5 

3.5 

.5 

.6 


Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 
90, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
450, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

16, 000, 000 

99, 500, 000 

6, 000, 000 

610, 500, 000 

65, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
6, 880, 000 


Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 


White fir 


Incense cedar 


Western hemlock 


Total 




578, 000, 000 


806, 880, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 33 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 2 

White pine 2 

Sugar pine 12 

Red fir 75 

White fir 10 

Incense cedar 1 

Western hemlock 2 

Yew and madrona 5 



Township 33 South, Range 4 East. 

This township is situated wholly on the western slope of the Cas- 
cades, its areas consisting almost entirely of a series of broad, flat 
terraces between the Middle Fork and South Fork of Rogue River. 
The canyons of these streams are sunk 300 or 400 feet below the 
terrace levels, but where the terraces end on the north side of the 
Middle Fork a lava rim rises to a height of 2,000 feet above the 
bottom of the canyon. 

There are no agricultural or grazing lands in the township. 

The run-off flows out by way of the two Rogue River forks. There 
are no other streams. They carry a large volume of water, have a 



3(32 FOREST RESERVES. 

swift current, and their beds are littered with large bowlders. The 
South Fork is much the worse in this respect, as it heads in regions 
that have been subjected to intense glaciation. 

The forest belongs to the red-fir type. It has been terribly devas- 
tated })y fires of modern origin and contains but a fraction of the mill 
timber that it formorl}^ did. Owing to its location between the two 
forks of Rogue River access to it for purposes of logging is extremely 
difficult. 

ForeKted and other aretia in T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 13, 140 

Nonforested area (chiefly burns) 9, 900 

Badly burned area 11, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 

1, 000, 000 

6, 500, 000 

108, 000, 000 

12, 480, 000 


Sugar jiine 


5 
95 


4, 000, 000 
76, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 








80, 000, 000 


127, 980, 000 







Compo.ntlon of forest In T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 
diameters of 4 inches and upioard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine Scattered trees. 

Sugar pine 5 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 80. 8 

White fir 10. 2 

Incense cedar, yew, etc 4 

Township 33 South, Range 5 East. 

Twenty thousand acres of this township are situated on the west 
slopes of the Cascades and about 3,000 acres on the eastern declivities. 
The crest line of the range lies along the east line of the township, 
except in the northeast and southeast corners, where a slight deviation 
to the west places portions of the township on the eastern slopes of the 
range. 

The western and central areas consist of rocky and precipitous 
tracts. Especially noteworthy in this respect is the canyon of the 
Middle Fork of Rogue River. This stream heads in the south-central 
areas, with three main branches. The northern one lies in a broad 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 363 

shallow canyon not particularly remarkable, but the south(U'n branch 
runs in a canyon that has for its west or southwest wall a l)lufi' of lava 
ncarl}'' 2,000 feet in thickness or height. This great mass appears to 
have issued from two of the craters belonging to the group of five 
mentioned as occurring in T. 3i S., R. 5 E. The wall of lava presents 
an immense front to the east, its slopes are extremel}^ steep and rocky 
and sparsel}' covered with timber. The opposite or eastern side of 
the canyon, the course of the stream being northerly in this township, 
consists of broken terraces and spurs having a moderately easy gradi- 
ent to the summit of the range. In the northwest corner of the town- 
ship the stream bends abruptl}' to the west. The north wall of the 
canyon is here formed by the front of a mass of lava projected south- 
ward from the volcanic area around Union Peak 10 or 13 miles to the 
north. The front of this lava flow has a thickness from the bottom of 
the canyon to its summit of nearly 2,800 feet. The eastern portions 
of the township are formed by the summit of the Cascades. In the 
southern sections the summit consists of a steep, narrow ridge of lava 
which ends in the central sections, where the crest is either a succession 
of narrow lava terraces or a level expanse, in some places full}" a mile 
in width. In the southern portions of the township begins the pumice 
deposit, which from now on northward covers most of the summit and 
higher slopes of the range. 

The run-off from this township is large. It is probably greater in 
volume than all the visible drainage from the twelve townships in the 
reserve south of this one. The outflow is all by way of the Middle 
Fork of Rogue River. Two of the chief afiluents of the fork head 
directly against the crest of the Cascades. The southern of the two 
branches has its head in a number of small lakes which are sunk in 
the hollows of various extinct craters. The northern branch origi- 
nates in a series of springs, hundreds in number, many of them with a 
large volume of water. They issue from cracks in a towering bluff 
of lava, and form a good -sized river in the space of a quarter mile. 
In addition to these chief branches there are many smaller creeks in 
the township which feed the volume of the Middle Fork. 

No land fit for agriculture exists in the township nor anything that 
can properly be classed as grazing lands. Some of the fire glades 
bear scant growth of grass, and sedgy margins border many of the 
little creeks near the sunmiit of the range. No cattle or sheep are 
pastured in the township. None of the areas are mineral l)caring. 

The forest is strictl}'- of the alpine-hemlock type. It has been badly 
burned and is fire marked throughout. More than half of it is burned 
to the extent of 50 per cent and over and 25 per cent has been totalh" 
destroyed. I doubt if there is a tract of forest as large as 1(»() acres 
not fire marked. Reforestation is extremely scanty. Where the forest 
has not been completely destroyed a thin, sparse growth of lodgepole 



364 



FOREST KESERVES. 



pine and alpine hemlock is struggling to maintain itself against heavy 
snows and winds. Where the timber has suffered total destruction 
low brush growths are covering the ground. The most prominent and 
abundant species of brush in these growths is the thin-leaved huckle- 
berry — the common huckleberry of all this region. About 2,500 or 
3,000 acres of the township have been transformed from forest into 
a huckleberry patch. 

The mill timber is generally of small stature and diameter. An 
exception is the alpine hemlock in the canyon of the North Branch of 
the Middle Fork. The growth is remarkably large, but is overmature 
and in a state of deca^'. Much of the stand is from 80 to 100 feet in 
height, 2 to 3 feet in diameter at the base, with clear trunks 30 to 60 
feet long. Throughout all of its parts the township is entirely inac- 
cessible for logging operations. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 540 

Nonforested area (bare rocks 700; burned 5,800) 6, 500 

Badly burned area 9, 500 

Logged area None. 

TrAal stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Alpine hemlock 


Per cent. 
84.4 
13 
2.6 


Feet B. M. 
65, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. 31. 
108, 000, 000 
14, 300, 000 
2, 000, 000 


Noble fir 


Engelniann spruce 


Total 




77, 000, 000 


124, 300, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba^al 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Alpine hemlock 85 

Noble fir 12 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Alpine fir I 3 

Engelniann spruce 

Township 33 South, Range 6 East. 

This township lies almost entirely on the eastern slope of the Cas- 
cades, a small area in the western sections, which are situated on the 
summit of the range, overlapping on the western slope. The summit 
of the Cascades here consists of a broad pumice-covered tract, quite 
level in some places, in other localities intersected with low combs of 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 365 

lava sloping off toward the eastern foot of the range in a succession 
of narrow terraces. Dotting the summit here and there are a number 
of small, flat-topped volcanic cones long extinct, but geologically of 
recent origin. With the exception of steep breaks of the terraces 
and ridges along the summit the region is deeply covered with a 
mantle of pumice debris. The central portions of the township con- 
sist in part of terraced lava flows from the main range, and in part 
of great spurs of volcanic rock ejected from vents along the slopes of 
the range. The eastern portions comprise flat, muddy, and partly 
overflowed lands bordering the swampy areas which fringe the north 
end of Upper Klamath Lake. 

The run-off from the township is mostly carried by Sevenmile 
Creek, a stream heading exactly on the summit of the Cascades in a 
low, broad, flat saddle to the northwest of Klamath Point. Its head 
lies close up against the headwaters of the middle of the three branches 
of the Middle Fork of Rogue River. The topographical arrangement 
of the region is such that it would be an easy matter to cause a con- 
siderable volume of the water now going into the Middle Fork to flow 
into the canyon of the Sevenmile, and a cut 50 or 75 feet in depth 
through the pumice crest of the range would divert most of the upper 
drainage of this branch of the Middle Fork over to the eastern slope. 
None of the streams in the township is utilized for irrigation purposes. 

About 1,000 acres in the northeast sections of the township can be 
put to grazing and agricultural use. Most of this tract is covered 
with lodgepole pine, and portions are periodically subject to overflow 
from Sevenmile Creek, This area is already occupied by settlers. 
Outside of this there are no grazing or agricultural lands in the 
township. 

All three of the forest types belonging to the region are repre- 
sented. The yellow-pine type is the prevailing one at the lowest and 
middle elevations. The red-fir type occurs as small stands interspersed 
among the yellow pine. At all the higher altitudes alpine hemlock is 
the prevailing forest type. Fires have marked the entire forested 
area in the township, and have swept clean of living timber large 
tracts. At high elevations there is a slow reforestation process setting 
in, with lodgepole pine as the leading component. At middle and low 
elevations brush growths are in the ascendanc}^ on the burned-over 
tracts. 

The mill timber is of poor qualit}^ throughout. Most of it is inac- 
cessible for logging operations. 

Forested mid other areas in T. 33 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 12, 940 

Nonforested area (chiefly the result of fires) 10, 100 

Badly burned area 8, 000 

Logged area None. 



366 



FOKEST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. SS S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 

White fir.. 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock 

Engehnann spruce 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
14.8 
11.1 
-7.4 



Total. 



11.1 
55.5 



Feet. B. M. 
4, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 



27, 000, 000 



Micliigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 

23, 000, 000 
400, 000 



52, 400, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 33 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 3 

Sugar pine - - 1 

White pine 8 

Lodgepole pine 30 

Red fir 1 

White fir 15 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir 03 

Alpine hemlock 39 

Engelmann spruce 1 

Township 33 South, Range 7i East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascade main range. The east- 
ern areas of the township consist of a level or slightly rolling lava 
plateau elevated 600 or 700 feet above the level of the nearby Upper 
Klamath Lake. This tract bears a moderately heavy stand of fair 
quality yellow pine. 

The western and central portions of the township comprise level, 
marshy, or lodgepole-pine covered tracts, carrying stands of yellow 
pine where they join the plateau sections in the eastern areas, with 
the mill timber long since cut away and used in the building of Fort 
Klamath. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area ^» 040 

Nonforested area ( meadow, marsh, and agricultural ) 14, 000 

Logged area (culled 95 per cent) !> 000 



LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 367 

Total xtand < if timber in T. 33 ,S., ]{. 7^ E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
80 
20 


Feet B. .M. 

20, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


Fed B. .ir. 

29, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

100, 000 
7, 450, 000 

850, 000 


Sugar pine. — 

Red fir 


White fir 






Incense cedar 






Total 








25, 000, 000 


42, 400, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 7^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species u-ith 

basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 34 

Sugar pine 1.2 

Lodgepole pine 60 

Red fir Scattered trees in the eastern areas. 

White fir - 4.6 

Incense cedar 2 

Township 33 South, Range 7 East. 

The western and central areas of this township consist of a level or, 
in a few places, broken lava plateau lying between the Williamson 
River and the marshes at the north end of Upper Klamath Lake. The 
eastern portions of the township comprise the canyon-like valley of the 
Williamson River, with small tracts of the uplands east thereof. 

The areas west of the Williamson River carry most of the mill tim- 
ber. It is principall}' composed of open 3'ellow-pine stands, of fair 
quality and easily logged. The eastern areas are much less timbered. 
The forest is thin and is broken by numerous grassy glades along the 
Williamson River. It is fringed with thin stands of lodgepole pine. 

The forest is tire marked throughout. Young growth is scant}-, and 
there is but little underbrush in the forest. 

The so]l is a fine pumice detritus. 

F(jrested and other ureas in T. 33 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 440 

Nonf ©rested area (meadow, glade, and rocks) 1, 600 

Badly burned area 2, 000 

Logged area iS'oue 



368 



FOREST RESERVES. 
Total aUirifl of timher in T. 33 S., li. 7 E., fjrejjcm. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

"White fir 

Incense cedar . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

98.9 

1.1 



180, fXX), fXK) 

2, rxxj, wo 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. if. 

197, 820, 000 

2, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

5VJ, 000 



Total 182,000,000 



204, 320, 000 



Cf/mposiiivn of f'/rcM in T. 33 ,S., R. 7 E., Oregrm, indvAing trees of fill sped&s vMh hrmal 

dMrneteTH of 4 incheH and vfyirfird. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 75 

Sugar pine 1 

Lodgex'ole fiine 20 

White fir 2 

Incense cedar 

Cottonwood, etc 

Township 33 South. Range 8 East. 



/ 



2 



This t<jwnship consists of pumice-covered lava ridges and slopes .sit- 
uated east of the Williamson River. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. The stand of timber is open 
and is second rate in quality, the larger jjroportion being composed of 
small standards much damaged by the numerous fires which have swept 
through the forest both in recent and in past times. 

Ft/rexteA and other oreoJi in T. 33 S., Ji. 8 E., f^/rerjf/n. 

Acres. 

Forested area 22, 440 

Nonforested area (meadow and agricultural^ 6'XJ 

Badly burned area 3, o^XJ 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timher in T. 33 S., li. 8 E., (j-regon. 



Specifej:. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Yellow pine 



Per ceni. 
100 



FeM B. M. 
120, 000, 000 



Feet B. if. 
147, 980, 000 



Ckm-iJOgiti/m of f (/rent in T. 33 S., R. 8 E., Orerjon, indvAing trees of all species vxiih haml 

diameteris of 4 indiejf awl v/[/u:ard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow jiine 95 

Lodgfcpole jjine 5 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 3()9 

TowNsiiii' 33 South, Rangk East. 

This township is sitiuitcd oast of tlio Cascade Kaiio-c, and consists of 
low, puraicc-coverod hiva ridg'cs rising- from cdevations of OiMj f(M't to 
elevations of 1,200 feet above the adjacent areas of Klamath Marsh. 

The northern portions of the township contain numerous oljides, 
formed l)y soutliward extensions of Khimath Marsh, lumtorested, and 
f ringed by stands of lodgepole pine. 

The mill timbcu- occurs on the higher slopes. It is tii-e marl«ul 
throughout, is of medium quality, and easy of access. It has small 
interruptions of lodgepole pine, which are reforestations aftei- lires. 

Forested and other arms in T. S.i S., li. !> E., Orfjon. 

Acres. 

Forested area lO, 940 

Nonforested area (grassy glades with s(;attered trees of lodgepole pine) 1), 100 

Logged area None. 

Jotat .stand of tnnher in T. .i.i S., R. !> K., (frci/on. 



Species. 


Local practice. 
Per cent. Fret li. M. 

100 50, 000, 000 


Michigan prai- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Feet B. M. 
101,800,000 







Conipoaition of fored in T. 38 S., 11. 9 K., Oregon, iii.rhiding Irri'.s of <dl f<perirs iritli haml 
diameters of 4 inclies and njtwa.rd. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine ^^ 

Lodgepole pine 19.5 

White fir 5 

Township 33 South, Kan(;e 10 East. 

This township consists of low pumic(>-covered slopes and ridges 
having a general rise toward the south wherc^ the}^ form, in part, the 
divide between the? Williamson and the S])i-ague rivers. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. It consists of stands of yellow 
pine of fair (juality, above medium density, moderately easy of access 
from the Williamson Valley side. It is mixed with stands of lodgepole 
pine and along the crestsof the ridges with a thin sprinkling of white fir. 

Foreatcd and oilier area.s in T. .li S., II. in JJ., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 22, 840 

Nonforested area (gla<les) 200 

Logged area None. 

21 GKOL, PT 5 '24: 



370 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Tijtal stand of timber in. T. 33 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
200, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
250, 600, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith 
based diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine - - - - - ^^0 

Lodgepole pine - 9- '5 

AVhite fir - - ^ 

Township 33 South. Range 11 East. 

The northern portions of this township consist, in part, of low, 
level grass-covered slopes bordering the Williamson River, and, in 
part, of low pumice slopes which help form the Williamson-Sycan 
divide. The southern areas comprise broken, rocky, or pumice- 
covered ridges with a central nucleus in Fuego Mountain, an extinct 
volcano. 

The forest along the Williamson River bottoms consists chiefly of 
stands of small lodgepole pine of various ages. The slopes and ridges 
carry yellow-pine stands which have been much eaten into by ancient 
fires whose paths now carry lodgepole-pine reforestations, in their 
turn ravaged by fires of recent times to the extent of 80 per cent. 
The mill timber is of fair quality, but contains a large proportion 
under standards in size. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 740 

Nonforested area (marsh and glade) 1, 300 

Badly burned area 5, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
62, 000, 000 


Feet B. 31. 
131, 800, 000 





Composition afforest in T. 33 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with based 
diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 60 

Lodgepole pine 39 

Whitefir 1 



LEIBEKG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



371 



Township 33 South, Range 12 East. 

This township consists chiefly of nearly level areas deeply covered 
with pumice and cut b}' numerous grassy glades along small creeks. 

The township contains a snrall bunch of yellow-pine stands of 
poor quality in the northwest corner. The balance of the township 
is covered with stands of lodgepole pine burned to the extent of 65 per 
cent by fires in recent times, and carrying here and there small scat- 
tered stands of yellow pine of little or no commercial value. 

Forested and oilier arenx in T. .,'..' ,S'.. R. 12 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area - - - 21, 040 

Nonforested area (glades) - 2, 000 

Badly burned area 11, 500 

Logged area - - None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
53, 000, 000 



Composition of fore-tt in T. 33 S., R. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Lodgepole pine 90 



Township 33 South, Range 13 East. 

This township consists of a lava plateau to the south of Sycan 
Marsh. It is in part covered with many narrow, low, and irregular 
ridges of pumice detritus; in part, through surface denudation and 
removal of the pumice covering, it consists of large areas with a sur- 
face of the rough, underlying lava. 

The forest consists of thin stands of yellow and lodgepole pine. The 
rocky flats between the pumice ridges carry mostly scattered trees. 
The mill timber occurs on and follows the pumice dunes. It is of 
poor quality throughout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 33 S. , R. 13 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 040 

Nonforested area (meadow, marsh, and glade) 7, 000 

Badly burned area 2, 200 

Logged area None. 



372 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine ..... .... 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
24, 000, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow i^ine 65 

Lodgepole pine 35 

Township 33 South, Range 14 East. 

The township is situate southward from Sycan Marsh and com- 
prises mostl}'^ flats covered with lodgepole pine. The forest is chiefly 
composed of lodgepole pine. This township was not examined person- 
ally, but estimated from information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 13, 040 

Isonforested area (marsh ) 10, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
4, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 



Township 34 South, Range 2 West. 

The eastern areas of this township consist of bench lands bordering 
Rogue River. They are thinly forested or quite bare of timber. The 
western portions consist of low spurs projecting southward from the 
Umpqua-Rogue River divide, and bear most of the forest. 

The region is fire marked throughout. The mill timber is scattered 
and of poor quality, having largelj^ been culled during many years for 
domestic purposes. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 *§., R. 2 TF., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 040 

Nonforested area (agricultural and grazing) 2, 000 

Badly burned area 3, 000 

Logged area ( culled) - 5, 000 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES 

Total stand of Umber in T. 34 S., II. 2 TI'., Oregon. 



373 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

Incense cedar . 



Local practice. 



Per Cent. 
66.6 



Total 



33.4 



Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice 



Feet B. M. 

16, 000, 000 

1,500,000 

5, 000, 000 

500, 000 



9, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 2 H", Oregon, including trees (fall species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upiuard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 80 

Red fir 15 




Township 34 South, Range 1 West. 

This township comprises a mass of low, broken lava and serpentine 
spurs situated between Rogue River and Big- Butte Creek. 

The forest is light, open, and is largely composed of oak copses, 
much of the more valuable mill timber having long since been cut 
away. The slopes fronting on Rogue River have been badly burned 
and are grown up with brush. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., JR. 1 Tl'., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 540 

Nonforested area (agricultural and grazing) 2, 500 

Badly burned area 1 , 500 

Logged area (culled) 15, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine ................... 


Per rent. 
100 


Feet B. .V. 
3, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

12, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Red fir 






t 


Total 


3,000,000 

1 


16, 000, 000 



374 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S. , IL 1 W. , Oregon, including trees of all species with hcvsal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Red fir 10 

White fir ] 

Oak - 

Cottonwood 



Township 3i South, Range 1 East. 

This township consists of low, rocky, broken slopes and ridges drain- 
ing- into Big Butte Creek, which nearl}^ bisects the township. 

The forest is thin and scanty. The western half of the township is 
mostly covered with copses of low scrub oaks. The eastern areas, 
which fo'rmerly bore good stands of timber, have been largel}' logged 
clean, or rather closely culled. 



Forested and other areas in T. 84 S., B. 1 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 640 

Nonforested area (agricultural and rocks, 5,000; burned, 1,400) 6, 400 

Badly burned area 2, 000 

Culled area (20 to 60 per cent) 6, 000 

Logged area 6, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
38.1 
14.3 
47.6 


Feet B. 3L 

8, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 

3, 480, 000 
15, 410, 000 

3, 910, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


^\Tiite fir 


Total 








21, 000, 000 


34, 800, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 38 

Sugar pine 8 

Red fir 50 

White fir | 

Incense cedar • 4 

Oak, etc I 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE KANCtE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 



375 



TowNSHir 3-1: South, Range 2 East. 

The central portion of this township is formed l»y the divide 
between the Big Butte Creek and its northern fork. The western 
and eastern sections consist of the west and east slopes of thi.-^ ridg-e. 

The upper western slopes, the summit, and the eastern slopes of the 
ridge carry heavy stands of an excellent quality' of mill timber where 
not burned. The lower slopes on the western side are mostly barren 
or rocky, and are lightly timbered or have had their forest logged off. 

Fires have run through about one-half of the township, badly burn- 
ing portions of the western slope. The results have been brush- 
covered areas, slowly reforesting with red lir. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area '. 19, 240 

Nonforested area (agricultural and grazing) 3, 800 

Badly burned area 2, 800 

Logged area 3, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

20 

8 

68.9 

2.3 

.8 


Fed B. .V. 

28, 000, 000 

11, 000, 000 

95, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 


Fat B. .1/. 

34, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

118,000,000 

10, 000, 000 

1, 690, 000 

1, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


Eed fir 


White fir 


Incenge cedar 


Western hemlock 


Total 








138,000,000 17fi fiQO non 











Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with haml 
dia)neters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow j)ine 20 

Sugar pine 8 

Red fir 65 

White fir 5 

incense cedar i 

Western hemlock 2 

Oaks, yew J 



376 



FOKEST RESERVES. 



TowNSHir 34: South, Range 3 East. 

This township is situated on slopes draining partly into the North 
Fork of Big Butte Creek and partl}^ into the Middle Fork of Rogue 
River. The region is much cut up b}' numerous low ridges and narrow 
canyons. 

Fires have run throughout the township in recent times; there being 
few tracts not fire marked. Reforestation is good in the western 
and central areas, but deficient in the eastern, where brush growths 
are apt to prevail after fires. Most of the mill timber occurs in the 
western areas. It is of fair quality, but contains a large amount of 
material w ith deficient clear trunk development. It is comparatively 
easy of access. 

Forested and other urcu.^ in T. 34 S., B. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area - 20, 540 

Nonforested area (glades, 500; burned, 2,000) 2, 500 

Badly burned area 3, 200 

Logged area ( culled for domestic purpose ) 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine . . 


Per cent. 

19.1 

7. 7 

67 

4.6 


Feet B. M. 

50, 000, 000 

20, 000, 000 

175, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

90, 000, 000 

24, 000, 000 

234, 000, 000 

38, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

5, 360, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Western hemlock 


Incense cedar 


1.5 


4, 000, 000 


Total 




261, 000, 000 


392, 360, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, induding trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 15. 

Sugar pine 5. 

Red fir 60. 

White fir 18. 5 

Western hemlock 05 

Incense cedar 1. 

Township 34 South, Range 4 East. 

The position of this township is west of the main range of the Cas- 
cades. It is separated from the slopes leading directly to the summit 
of the range by the intervening canyon of South Fork of Rogue River. 
This canj'on enters the township at its southeastern corner and cuts 



LEIBF.Ii( 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 377 

across it in u northwostorly diroction. About two-thirds c,f tho town- 
ship ureas are comprised in the bottom and slopes of this canyon. I he 
remainder, the western sections, consists of western declivities of the 
divide between South Fork of Rogue River and ^orth Fork of Big 
Butte Creek. Ahiiost the entire area of the township is rocky and 
abounds in precipitous slopes. Where these have a more gentle gra- 
dient they are strewn with bowlders and smaller fragments of glacia ed 
lava The rid^re which bounds the South Fork Canyon on the west is 
espe'ciallv rocl^v and 1>owlder strewn. The bottom of the canyon is 
littered with glacial debris, such as lava blocks torn off the inclosing 
can von walls or transported from the base of Mount 1 itt. I hero arc 
also gravel terraces, which mark the former existence of lateral and 

terminal moraines. . At •. u,. 

The drainao-e of the township flows into Rogue River, most of it by 
wav of the South Fork of this stream, only an inconsiderable quantity 
by way of North Fork of Big Butte Creek. The volume of water in 
the Roo-ue River Fork is small until near its point of exit from the 
townshrp, where it is greatly augmented by the entrance of a large 
tributary from the east and by the quantity received from numerous 
bio- springs issuing from under the lava. 

The township contains no agricultural land. The grazing areas con- 
sist of lire glades in the western portions-slopes which were burned 
over thirtv or f ortv years ago and have neither become reforested nor 
™wn up to brush, but are covered with a scanty sward of coarse 
Srass or sedge. Cattle in small numbers range on these fire glades. 
No sheep are pastured in the township. None of the lands are min- 
eral bearing so far as known. , , ■, • . 

The forest in the township consists mainly of stands belonging to 
the alpine-hemlock tvpe. Small tracts bearing stands of red-hr type 
occur in the southwest corner. Most of the timber is ot small size, 
averao-ing less than IS inches in basal diameter, and is defective from 
various forms of rot due to severe and often recurring fires 

Forest fires have ravaged large areas of the township. The larger 
portions of the central regions have been utterly laid waste through 
this cause, the burns being northward extensions of the great fire- 
swept areas in township 35 adjoining on the south. On slopes facing- 
west brush growths are covering the burned-over land with almost 
impenetrable thickets of chaparral. On eastern dechvities leading into 
the South Fork of Rogue River Canyon are large tracts on which 
neither tree nor brush has as yet obtained a lodgment, nothing but 
a scant growth of weeds marking the site of the burned forest. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. ^^^^^ 

15,340 

Forested area - -:qq 

Nonforested area (chiefly burned clean \ - ^ ^_^ 

Badly burned area None. 

Logged area 



378 



FOKEST RESEEVES. 

Toinl Mand of timber In T. S4 S., R. 4 K, Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock . . . 
Engelmann spruce 

Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

4.9 

13.1 



32.8 
32. 8 
16.4 



Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 



Micliigan prac- 
tice. 



20, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



61, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

6, 500, 000 
13, 000, 000 

2, 800, 000 
25, 000, 000 
40, 000, 000 
21, 000, 000 



108, 300, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 3 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Lodgepole pine - 10 

Red fir - 4 

White fir 2 

Noble fir 20 

Alpine fi?" - 1 

Alpine hemlock 40 

Engelmann spruce - 20 

Township 34 South, Range 5 East. 

The lines of this township include areas situated on both sides of the 
crest of the main range of the Cascades. The summit of the range 
strikes through the central sections, almost in a straight north-south 
line. The crest of the range in this township consists of an old lava 
flow about three-fourths of a mile in width which appears to have come 
from a group of now extinct craters situated near the northern 
boundary. This lava stream shows marks of past glaciation; it is 
thinly covered with soil and in some places is extremely rough 
with loose blocks and bowlder accumulations. The western sections 
of the township consist of rough, rocky slopes descending into the 
canyon of the South Fork of Rogue River. A glaciated lava plateau 
abounding in low, intersecting morainic ridges of rough lava blocks 
comprises the southern portion of the eastern sections. Scattered 
over the surface of the plateau are scores of lakelets sunk in shallow 
depressions or held between ridges of glacial origin. Most of these 
lakelets have no visible outlet. The northern portion of the eastern 
areas of the township consists, in part, of the upper portion of Cherry 
Creek Canyon, a drainage channel largely owing its existence to glacial 
erosion, its bottom sunk a thousand feet below the level of the plateau 



LEiBEKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 379 

through which it lius been cut. and opening into the niar.sliy iirous of 
Uppcn- Kliunuth I^ak(\ The rouiainder of the township comprises 
rough lava tields tmd higli ridges which represent the remains of crater 
rims and interiors of a huge group of extinct volcanic vents. The 
group of craters here referred to, situated in the north-centi'al por- 
tions of the township, forms one of the most interesting and rernark- 
a])]e of all the volcanic centers in this part of the Cascade Range, 
Originally it consisted of five craters grouped around a nucleus of very 
ancient lava which undoubtedly was ejected from still older craters. 
The diameters of the entire system were 3 miles north and south by 5 
miles east and Avest, and the mountain around which the craters are 
grouped, now appearing as a narrow, jagged, sharp-crested ridge, rises 
to a height of about 7,200 feet above sea level. Most of the rims of 
the craters have long since been blown away by volcanic eruptions or 
cut out by glaciers which appear to have tilled the craters to a depth 
of 1,000 or 1,500 feet. When these volcanoes were active they ejected 
vast streams of lava on all sides. Two of these streams, one south, the 
other northeast of the group, now constitute the crest of the Cascades 
in this locality. 

The run-off from the township in part flows into Rogue River by 
wa}^ of its South Fork, in part empties into Upper Klamath Lake 
through Cherry Creek. Apparenth^ less of the precipitation sinks 
and more runs away as visible drainage than is the case in the town- 
ship south, for both of the streams mentioned carry a large volume of 
water in their courses through the township. Most of the water in 
Cherry Creek is derived from two large creeks heading in the glaci- 
ated plateau area to which allusion has previoush' been made. These 
creeks probably are fed by leakage from the many lakes which dot 
the plateau surface. Numerous lakelets and ]3ools are found among 
the group of five craters. Some of them are situated in depressions 
in the ancient vents, others are perched high up in little niches or on 
narrow benches and terraces which have been excavated in the precip- 
itous walls of the clitt's T)y glacial agencies. The upper portion of 
Cherry Creek Canyon discloses in great perfection evidences which 
prove the former existence of moving masses of ice in this valle}". 
They consist of numerous narrow ledges of rock, having their long- 
axis parallel with the direction of the canyon. In some localities these 
ridges of rock have been smoothly polished by the moving ice masses; 
in other places they are deeply scored by long, straight groves from 
west to east, proving that the ice slid toward the basin now covered 
with Upper Klamath Lake. 

There are no agricultural or grazing lands in the township. 

The forest belongs to the alpine-hemlock type. Fires have every- 
where ravaged it. The upper portion of the Cherry Creek drainage 
basin and the areas adjacent to the base of the group of extinct volca- 
noes previously mentioned have been burned very near clean of their 



380 FOREST RESERVES. 

forest cover. Most of the standing timber is of small size, being 
chiefl}^ reforestations after fires which denuded the region a decade or 
two anterior to the advent of the white man. A large proportion is 
lodgepole pin(\ kSome consists of small scraggy alpine h(niilock and 
white pine. 

The mill timber is of poor quality throughout. The soil is too thin 
to grow big timber and the numerous fires which have devastated the 
region have badly damaged what they have not consumed. More 
than To per cent of the stands are composed of trees with basal diame- 
ters below 18 inches. 

The region is generally inaccessible for logging operations. The 
only areas that can be reached are the Cherry Creek bottoms along 
the eastern edge of the township, but the tract does not carr}' enough 
timber to pay the cost of constructing roads to reach it. 

At the present time no mineral bearing areas are known in the 
township, but it is not unlikely that ground of this kind may be dis- 
covered in the region adjoining the group of ancient volcanoes. 
Lavas of the kind found in that localit}^ have elsewhere been known 
to carry gold. 

The areal and timber estimates for the township are as follows: 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 140 

Nonforested area (bare rocks 2,000, burned 1,900) 3, 900 

Badly burned area 8, 500 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber In T. 34 S., H. 5 E., Orei/on. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Nolile fir 


Per cent. 
41.6 
50 
8.4 


Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 


Feet B. .V. 
10, 000, 000 
1 7. 000 000 


Alpine hemlock 


Engelmann spruce 


1,000,000 4,280,000 


Total 




12, 000, 000 .31 . 280. 000 











Composition, of forest in. T. 34 >S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all sjjecies ivith basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upirard. 

Per cent. 

Lodgepole pine 70 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir 3 

Englemann spruce ] 

Yew 2 

White pine J 

Alpine hemlock 15 



leiberg.] cascade range and ashland reserves. 381 

Township 34 South, Range East. 

The region comprised within the limits of this township is situated 
on the eastern slope of the Cascades. Most of it is a rocky, barren, 
desolate tract of country. The western and central portions of the 
township consist of broad, glaciated terraces of lava Hanking the main 
crest of the Cascades. Along the eastern edge of this terraced region, 
where it breaks off to the slopes which lead down to the levels at the 
foot of the range, are ranges of broken, irregular combs and hills, 
perhaps the remains of ancient crater rims. The eastern sections 
comprise a narrow, level, bowlder-strewn terrace, at the foot of the 
range and a strip of marsh}^ meadow fi-i nging tapper Klamath Lake. 

The region is drained l)y Threemile and Cherry creeks; of the latter 
only the lower portion lies within the lines of this township. There 
also are a few insigniticant rivulets and small springs. Cherry Creek 
carries a large volume of water during spring and early summer, but 
later diminishes very much in size; Threemile Creek is a stream of 
trifling proportions. The waters of both creeks are utilized for irri- 
gation purposes in a small way b}^ ranchers in the vicinit)^ It is 
self-evident that most of the rain water falling on the areas of this 
township sinks in crevices of the lava and is lost, for Cherry Creek, 
the largest stream in the township, gets most of its water from the 
next township west and .south, and the outflow in other localities is 
trifling in amount. 

There are a few hundred acres of land that by a stretch of imagina- 
tion can be classed as agricultural. It is all contained in the narrow 
bowlder terrace at the foot of the range. There are no grazing lands 
in the mountain areas. The lava ridges and terraces in those portions 
of the township are mostly too barren and rocky to sustain even a 
grass or sedge growth. 

The forest consists of stands of red-fir and of yellow-pine types at 
low elevations, while at high altitudes and in the wet and swamp}' bot- 
toms of Middle Cherry Creek the alpine-hemlock type is the prevail- 
ing one. The yellow pine is of fair quality and is onh' moderately 
difficult of access. The greatest quantity and the largest dimensions 
occur at the mouth of Cherry Creek. ]\Iost of the really valuable 
mill timber in the township exists in the bottoms and on the slopes 
adjacent to that stream. In some places where the bottoms are swampy 
there are heavy stands of Engeimann spruce averaging 90 to 110 feet 
in height, with diameters 3 to -1 feet, 2 feet from the ground, and clear 
trunks from -10 to 00 feet in length. Mixed with the spruce are num- 
bers of veteran red firs of large size; some were seen with diameters 
of T feet. In the western portions of the township most of the forest 
is of small dimensions and is chiefl}' composed of lodgepole pine, 
alpine hemlock, and noble tii'. 



382 FOREST EESERVES. 

Fire has marked the forest in all portions of the township. The 
damage due to this cause has been especially severe and extensive in 
the western areas, where most of the destruction has been done since 
the white man's occupancy of the country. In late 3'ears big fires in 
Cherry Creek Canyon have destroyed 30 per cent of the onl}^ really 
valuable mill timber in the township. About midwaj^ up that can3'on 
arc large salt or alkali licks that have from time immemorial been the 
gathering place for all the deer in the surrounding country. A good 
many hunting parties also come here to sla}' the deer at the licks; fires 
are the inevitable result. 

Reforestations of the burned-over areas are few and thin. Most of 
the young forest outside the yellow-pine areas consists of lodgepole 
pine. Where the 3'ellow-pine stands have been destroyed heavy brush 
growths of the vellum-leaved ceanothus have followed. On a few of 
the higher elevations facing east and south the forest has been replaced 
with a thin sward of grass. In the burns which have occurred in the 
alpine-hemlock type large tracts are entirely bare of vegetation. 

No mineral-bearing areas are known in the township. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., E. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 13, 440 

Nonforested area (marsh and rocks, 6,000; burned, 3,600) 9, 600 

Badly burned area 4, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


— 1 

Micliigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow i^ine 


Per cent. 

20 

2 

10 
16 
34 
6 
12 


FeH B. M. 
10, 000, 000 
1,000,000 

5, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 

17, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

20, 000, 000 

1, 540, 000 

8, 500, 000 

38, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 


White pine 


Red fir 


White fir 

Noble fir 


Alpine hemlock. . . 


Engelmann spruce 

Total 




50, 000, 000 


110, 040, 000 







LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 383 

Composition afforest in T. S4 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, iucludiruj trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and npirard. 

I'tT i-ent. 

Yellow pine - 20 

White pine \ 

Lodgepole i)ine \ 

Red fir 8 

Noble fir 25 

White fir 30 

Alpine hemlock 10 

Engelmann spruce - - - 5 

Township 34 South, Range Ti East. 

This township consists chiefly of wet, swampy, and overflowed lands 
adjoining Upper Klamath Lake, with small areas of higher land in the 
eastern portions, which bear thin stands of yellow pine of little com- 
mercial value. Lodgepole pine fringes all the marshy tracts, with 
here and there willow and poplar groves. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 1, 200 

Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 21 , 840 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 7 J E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
3, 600, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 7^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Lodgepole pine 70 

Township o4 South, Range 7 East. 

This township consists of a lava plateau situated between Upper 
Klamath Lake and Williamson River, with portions of a similar plateau 
east of the Williamson in the eastern sections of the township. 

The forest is tire marked throughout. The fire glades in the eastern 
areas are covered with brush or lodgepole pine. In the western por- 
tions they are reforesting with yellow pine. 

The mill timber is of medium quality, being knott}' in the log, 
although clear in exterior appearance. It is easy of access. The 
southern areas of the township have practically been logged clean for 
Indian uses at and around Klamath Agency. The northern portions 
still carr}^ considerable timber. 



384 



FOREST RESERVES. 



ForeMed and otlier areas in T. 34 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 280 

Nonforested area ( inarsh and lake) 5, 760 

Badly burned area 1, 000 

Logged area ( 95 per cent) 5, 000 

Tutcd staiul of timber in T. 34 >S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White fir 


Per cent. 

92.1 

7.9 


Feet B. M. 

35, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

48, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

240, 000 


Incense cedar 






Total 








38, 000, 000 


53, 240, 000 







Composition afforest in T. 34 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 95 

Sugar pine 1.8 

White fir 3 

Incense cedar, etc 2 

Township 34 South, Range 8 East. 

This township comprises rocky, flat lava tracts in the northern and 
central portions, with low ridg-es of volcanic origin in the southern 
areas. 

The forest is lire marked throughout. The central portions are 
thinly forested or are bare of timber growth owing to their semiarid 
conditions. 

The mill timber is of inferior qualit}^ throug-hout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 12, 160 

Nonforested area (semiarid grazing land) 10, 880 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

95.6 

4.4 


Feet B. M. 
15,000 000 


Feet B. M. 
9.S 400 000 


Sugar pine 


700 000 700 000 


White fir 




1, 300, 000 


Total 








15 700 000 -^0 400 nnn 1 











LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AT^D ASHLAND EESEEVES. 385 

Composition afforest in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Lodgepole pine 14 

Sugar pine i 

White fir / ^ 

Township 34 South, Range 9 East. 

The central and southwestern areas of this township consist of a 
nearly level, seuiiarid lava plateau, bordering portions of the Sprague 
River throughout. With the exception of scattered trees of yellow 
pine, the tracts are devoid of forest. 

The northern and eastern sections of the township comprise low 
ridges and hills, and bear thin stands of yellow pine of inferior qualit3\ 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S. , R. '9 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 1 2, 800 

Nonforested area (meadow, agricultural, and semiarid) 10, 240 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 >S. , R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 



Micliigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
30, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vuth basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 98 

Lodgepole pine 2 

Township 34 South, Range 10 East. 

This township consists of rocky lava slopes of the divide between 
the Williamson and the Sprague rivers. 

The forest is open, and the growth is thin and mostly of small dimen- 
sions, except in the extreme northern areas, where heavj^ stands of 
3'ellow pine of fair quality occur. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

, Acres. 

Forested area 28, 040 

Logged area. None. 

21 GEOL, PT 5 25 



386 



FOREST EESERVES. 

Total Maud of timber in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

100 



Feet B. 31. 
38, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. .1/. 
70, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 98 

Ix)dgepole pine 2 

Township ?A South, Range 11 East. 

The southwestern areas of this township are covered with an open 
growth of j^ellow pine, and consist mostly of rocky hillsides. The 
southeastern sections are formed of a comparatively flat, rock}^, lava 
plateau bordering Sycan River, and are nearl}^ devoid of timber. The 
northern areas comprise slopes of Fuego Mountain, and are covered 
with medium dense stands of yellow pine of fair quality, but difficult 
of access. The j^ellow pine is fire marked throughout, and is mixed 
with stands of lodgepole pine and scattered trees of white fir. 



Forested and oilier areas in T. 34 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 15, 040 

Nonforested area (grazing and semiarid) 8, 000 

Badly burned area 2, 100 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
48, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

77, 300, 000 

1, 700, 000 


AVhite fir 


Total 








48, 000, 000 


79, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 90 

Lodgepole pine 9 

White fir 1 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND EESEKVES. 387 

Township 34 South, Range 12 East. 

This township consists of rocky lava slopes on the western declivities 
of a range of hills known as the Black Hills. 

Fires have run throughout the township. The timber is chietly made 
up of stands of yellow pine of medium density and quality, difficult of 
access, and interspersed with scattered trees of sugar pine, white fir, 
small incense cedar, and thin stands of lodgepole pine. 

Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. ^^^^^ 

„ , , „ 13,840 

Forested area ' 

Nonforested area (grazing and semiarid, 8,000; burned, 1,200) J, -00 

Badly burned area ' ' 

T J rs one. 

Logged area 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

99 

1 



Total 



Feet B. M. 
75, 000, 000 
700, 000 



75, 700, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
94, 000, 000 

700, 000 
1,200,000 

100, 000 



96, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 34 S., E. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all speeies with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Lodgepole pine. 
White fir 



Per cent. 

...85 



14 



Incense cedar. .. 
Western juniper 



Township 34 South, Range 13 East. 



Scattered trees. 
Scattered trees. 



This township consists of a rolling, hilly region of little elevation 
above the near-by Sprague River Valley, formed by the eastward 
extending spurs of the Black Hills. 

The forest is everywhere fire marked; the greatest damage has been 
done on the immediate eastern slopes of the Black Hills, where in many 
localities the timber has been totally destroyed and brush growths have 
taken its place. 

The mill timber forms good stands, excellent in quality, and readily 
accessible from the Sprague River Valley. 



388 



FOREST RESEEVES. 



Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., B. IS E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 23, 040 

Badly burned area 1, 200 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., E. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

93.7 

2.1 

3.6 

.6 


Feet B. 31. 

130, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

800, 000 


Feet B. .1/. 

147, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

17, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


"VVTiite fir 


Incense cedar 


Total 




138, 800, 000 


168, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and uprvard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Sugar pine 25 

Lodgepole pine 5 

White fir 9 

Incense cedar 75 

Township 34 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 15, 040 

Nonforested area 8, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total... 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
83.3 

5 
10 

1.6 



Feet B. M. 

25, 000, 000 

1, 500, 000 

3, 000, 000 

500, 000 



30, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

40, 000, 000 

1, 500, 000 

8, 000, 000 

500, 000 



50, 000, 000 



LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AT^D ASHLAND EESERVES. 

TowKsiiii' 35 South, Range 2 West. 



389 



This township consists of low ridges with open, rolling valleys 
between, mostly devoid of forest and covered with thick growths of 
chaparral {CecmotJms cunmtus) where not under cultivation. The 
forested areas carry thin stands and lines of yellow pine, with scattered 
trees of red fir and numerous copses of low-growing oaks. 

The hilly portions were formerly more heavily wooded, but have 
been swept by tiros and transformed into chaparral-covered slopes. 

Forrsird <n,<l other arem in T. 35 S., 7'. ^ W., Orerjon. 

Acres. 

„ , T 3,000 

Forested area ri n in 

Nouforested area ( meadow, agricultural, and grazing) ' 

Logged area (culled of its mill cimber) - 

Total 8fa7ui ofliniher in T. 35 S., B. 2 Tl'., Oregon. 



All. 



SpeciL'> 



Yellow pine 
Eed fir 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 



Feet B. M. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Fed B. y[. 
] , fiOO, 000 
700, 000 



Total. 



L 



2, 300, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 2 TF., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasil 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Pur cent. 
8 



ill. 8 



Oak, Cottonwood, etc --- --- • 

TowNSHir 85 South, Range 1 West. 

This township consists of low ridges and semiarid flats, mostly drain- 
ing into Reese Creek, a tributary of Rogue River. 

The forest is principally scattered oak copses, with small areas of 
well-culled vellow pine and red fir in the eastern sections. 

The mill timber is small and unimportant. 



Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Acres. 
5, 000 



Forested area 

Nonforested area (meadow, agricultural, and grazing) 18, 040 

Badly burned area ^^ 

Logged area (culled) - 



390 



FOEEST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Total. 



Local jjractice. 



Feet B. ,V. 



Micliigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 



4, 000, 000 



Compos'ilion of forest in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregrm, including trees of all species viih basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upvxird. 



Yellow pine.. 
Red fir 



Oak 



Township 35 South, Range 1 East. 



98 



This township consists of slopes draining- west into Rogue River and 
east into Big Butte Creek. The western slopes are terraced, rock}^ 
benches, thinly forested. The eastern portions of the township slope 
gradually into Big Butte Valley, and are covered with nioderate stands 
of yellow pine and red fir of inferior quality along the upper levels. 

The forest is everywhere fire marked. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. IE., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10,240 

Nonforested area (agricultural and grazing, 11,000; burned, 1,800) 12,800 

Badly burned area 1,500 

Logged area 4,800 

Total .^tand (f timber in T. 35 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
72.7 
27.3 


Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 


Feet B. 21. 

14, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 








11,000,000 


24, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 50 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 30 

White fir 5 

Incense cedar Scattered trees. 

Oak 15 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



391 



Township 85 South, Range 2 East, 

This township comprises a mass of steep and broken ridges, situ- 
ated between the North Fork of Little Butte and the South Fork of 
Big" Butte creeks. 

The central and southeastern areas contain the best and heaviest mill 
timber. It is of fair qualitj' and easy of access. 

A large proportion of the township is settled and much of the forest 
has either been cleared away for agricultural purposes or logged for 
sawmill and domestic uses. The sugar pine has suffered severely from 
the shake makers. Millions of feet have been cut down and, proving 
difficult to split, have been allowed to lie where the}^ fell unused. 

Fires have marked the forest everywhere in the township. 

Forested and other areas in T. So S., li. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19,840 

Nonforested area (agricultural and tj;razing) 3,200 

Badly bui-iied area : 4, 700 

Logged area (culled) 11,000 

Total stand of timher in T. S3 S., It. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

21.5 

3.2 

75. 3 


Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
70, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
28, 000, 000 

4, 500, 000 
98, 000, 000 
11,000,000 

3, 600, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








93, 000, 000 


145, 100, 000 







Composition afforest i)i. T. So S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

IVr cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Sugar pine 1 

Red fir .55 



White fir .... 
Incense cedar 
Oak 



Township 35 South. Range 3 East, 



This township is situated on the headwaters of the South Fork of 
Big Butte Creek, and consists of level areas traversed by occasional 
low ridges; the entire region of volcanic origin. 

The central areas contain a large quantity of agricultural and graz- 
ing land, most of it settled upon. The balance is covered with a 



392 FOREST RESERVESo 

moderatel}^ uniform, heavy forest stand, in which yeUow pine largely 

predominates. The mill timber is of good dimensions and qualit}'-. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. 

The sugar pine in the township has been badly culled by shake 

makers. Agricultural claims have been entered in the heavy timber, 

the sugar pine fit for shakes cut off, and the entry abandoned. Great 

quantities of large sugar pine lie rotting on the ground — cut down 

found to split hard, and rejected. Almost every sugar pine of any 

considerable size in the township is ax marked, to try its splitting 

qualities. 

Forested and other areas in 2\ 35 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 040 

Nonforested area (glades and meadow, 1,500; burned, 1,500) 3, 000 

Badly burned area 500 

Logged area (the sugar pine culled 10 per cent) 12, 000 

Total stand of timber vi T. 35 S., B. 3 E., Oregon. 




Conqxjsitlon of forest in, T. 35 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith hascd 

diameters of 4 Inches and ujnvard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine _ 70 

Sugar pine 3 

Red fir , 20 

White fir '. 5 

Incense cedar 5 

Oaks, etc ... J 1.5 



Township 35 South, Range -i East. 

This township lies well over on the western slopes of the main range 
of the Cascades, owing to a curve in the crest line toward the east 
after leaving Mount Pitt. 

The western portion of the township consists of a series of low, nar- 
row terraces parallel to the crest of the range, each terrace appearing 
to mark the outer rim of successive lava flows. The central and east- 
ern areas comprise bowlder-strewn slopes rising with an easy gradient 
toward the crest. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 393 

The drainage from the township is small in amount and is mostly 
contained in Clark Fork and Fourmile Crec^k, which head in the town- 
ship. Eventually it finds its way into Rogue River through Big Butte 
Creek. The waters of the streams flowing from the township are used 
locally, in a small way, for irrigation purposes. 

The township has been heavil}" forested. All the heavy stands have 
been burned in recent times; that is to say, since the advent of the 
white man. The southern boundary of the township marks the 
beginning of the immense burns, which stretch northward along the 
sununit and the innnediate western declivities of the main range for a 
distance of at least -iO miles. Throughout the central and western 
areas of the township and almost through the next one north, a dis- 
tance of about 11 miles with a width of 5 miles, there is one solid burn, 
where scarcely a tree is to be seen outside of the swampy or wet 
slopes of a few of the larger canyons. It is the most thorough and 
complete sweep of a standing forest by fire that I have ever seen. 
The burned areas have become covered with brush composed of huckle- 
berry, manzanita, garrya, service berry, and vellum-leaved ceanothus, 
the latter being the most abundant and conspicuous species. 

No reforestations are visible, as j^et, on these tracts. The western 
areas have suffered comparatively little from fire. 

The forest is mostly of the yellow-pine type, small stands of red-fir 
type occur here and there, and thin lines of alpine-hemlock type 
follow the upper courses of some of the canyons which supply Clark 
Fork and Four Bit Creek. The stands of yellow-pine type are of 
considerable value and eas}' of access. They are found in the western 
portion of the township on the different terraces. The trees are 
remarkably thick set. Sometimes there are 80 trees per acre of log- 
ging size, a large nimiber for stands of the 3'ellow-pine tj'pe. Another 
remarkable feature of these stands is the short clear trunk and low 
stature of most of the trees. The greater number will not average 
much over 18 feet in clear trunk and 20 inches in diameter. These 
yellows-pine stands are much nuxed with California black oak and 
Pacific post oak. I know of no place in this region where the oaks 
approach the crest line of the Cascades so closel}^ in their range as in 
this township. In a straight line their farthest easterly station is not 
more than 8 miles from the summit. 

All of the counnercially valuable timber can easily be logged from 
the west via the Rancheria-Fort Klamath wagon road. 

No mineral-bearing areas are known to occur in the township. 

There is neither agricultural nor grazing land in the township. The 
forest floor in the yellow-pine stands is covered with a thin growth of 
grass, which is occasionally visited by bands of stock. Its value is 
unimportant. 



394 FOREST RESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 12, 240 

Nonforested area (chiefly burned ) 10, 800 

Badly burned area . . . . " 12, 000 

Logged area : j^one. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 4 E-, Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan i)ra(- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
57.8 
27.7 


Feet B. If. 
52, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
69, 000, 000 
42, 000, 000 1 

2, 750, 000 
15, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


11.1 
3.3 


10, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 


Alpine hemlock 

Total 




90, 000, 000 


134, 750, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all speeics with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 48 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Lodgepole pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 30 

White fir 1 

Noble fir 14. 5 

Alpine hemlock 5 

Oak 1.5 

Township 35 South, Range 5 East. 

This township is situated in part on the western slopes and in part 
on the eastern declivities of the Cascades, the crest line of the rang-e 
passing through it from north to south, a little west of the center. 
The summit of the range consists of a plateau-like area having a mean 
elevation of 6,000 feet. A narrow, low ridge of lava along the west- 
ern edge of the plateau forms the crest. A low ridge of lava stretches 
across from east to west, connecting the extinct volcanic cone, Lost 
Peak, with the volcanic areas along the crest. The plateau extends 
eastward and covers all of the eastern sections of the township. It 
has been extensively glaciated, and as a result low ridges consisting of 
blocks of lava are heaped up and surround shallow depressions which 
hold small lakelets, most of which have no visible outlet. 

The western portion of the township consists of areas sloping 
into the canjon of South Fork of Rogue River, which heads near 
the southern line of the township. Near its head the stream lies 
mostl}' in a narrow, rocky valley, immense crags and cliffs forming 



LEiBEEG] CASCADE BANGE AND ASHLANi) RESERVES. 395 

the western wall of its canyon. The eastern side slopes back more 

gradually. 

The headwaters of South Fork of Rogue Riyer drain the western part 
of the township. The stream heads in a number of lakes, the largest 
of which is li miles in length and 350 or 400 yards in width. These 
lakes are situated in the bottom of the canyon and are known as Blue 
Canyon lakes. Within the township the South Fork of Rogue Riyer 
is a small riyulet; its canyon, while narrow, is entirely out of proportion 
to the small yolume of water now flowing through it. As with many 
other streams in the region, the amount of water in its upper portions 
does not anywhere near account for the quantities which must be shed 
from the adjacent slopes. The southern areas of the eastern sections 
of the township drain into triluitaries of Fourmile Creek, Ayhich 
empties into Pelican Bay. The northern portions have no definite 
visible drainage. The precipitation either sinks directly into fissures 
in the laya or accumulates in small lakelets which may possess under- 
ground outlets. 

The township contains no agricultural lands. Marshy places around 
the edges of Blue Canyon lakes and the lakelets in the eastern areas 
of the township would supply small quantities of pasturage, but the 
tracts are all diflicult of access. 

The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type throughout. Fires of 
modern origin have ravaged it extensively. The great burns which 
cover the eastern areas of the adjoining township on the west extended 
into the western portion of this township and wrought great havoc 
among what must once have been heavy stands of noble fir. The for- 
est in the eastern areas has sufiered no less, and there are scant signs 
of reforestation. Most of the young growth now standing is over- 
whelmingly composed of lodgepole pine. The bottom and eastern 
slopes of the South Fork Canyon have escaped fairly well and carry 
a forest in a state of tolerably good preservation. Much of it has not 
experienced a fire for 300 or 400 years, and in consequence it contains 
a vast amount of litter, consisting chiefly of the original lodgepole- 
pine growth which followed a fire that occurred between three and 
four centuries ago. The lodgepole pine has had time to mature, die, 
and fall down, and a new forest 150 years old has taken its place since 
that time. The soil having had time to regain its normal moisture 
ratio, the last forest on this tract is not lodgepole pine, but is composed 
of Engelmann spruce, alpine hemlock, noble fir, and alpine fir. 

The mill timber throughout the township is of poor quality, besides 
being composed of undesiral)le species from a lumberman's point of 
view. With the exception of the southern portion of the eastern 
areas, the timbered tracts in the township are practically inaccessible 
so far as logging operations are in question, or, in other words. W per 
cent of the forested area can not be logged. 

No mineral-bearing ground has been discovered in the township. 



39(3 



FOEEST KESEEVES. 



Forested and other (treas in T. 35 S., R. 5 Fj., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 640 

Nonfore.sted area (ehiefly 1 )urns) 6, 400 

Badly burned area 8, 000 

Logged area - None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Noble fir 


Per cent. 
29.2 


Feet B. M. 
7, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

14, 000, 000 

6, 450, 000 

15,000,000 

17, 000, 000 


White fir 


Alpine hemlock 

Engelniann spruce 

Total 


25 

45.8 


6, 000, 000 
11,000,000 




24, 000, 000 


52, 450, 000 











Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba.sal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Lodgepole pine 10 

White fir 2 

Noble fir 30 

Alpine hemlock — 30 

Engelniann spruce 28 

Township 35 South, Range 6 East. 

This township is situated wholly on the eastern side of the main 
range of the Cascades and consists in part of the northern, eastern, and 
southern slopes of Lost Peak, an extinct volcanic cone situated in the 
western edge of the township and rising to a height of 8,000 feet above 
sea level, and in part in the eastern sections of marshy and swamp 
lands on the margins of Upper Klamath Lake. The mountainous 
portions of the township are uniformly rocky and barren at all of the 
higher elevations and throughout, at all altitudes, on the northern and 
western slopes of Lost Peak. 

The visible water supply is in a few small springs and insignificant 
rivulets. The large precipitation which must fall on a mountain of 
the size and elevation of Lost Peak sinks in the crevices of its lava and 
is lost to view. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. The marshy areas 
in the eastern sections produce heavy growths of sedge and tule, but 
the lands are too wet and mucky to permit of their use for pasture or 
hay. 

The forest consists of the three chief types common to the slopes of 
the Cascades in this region. The red fir and the yellow -pine types are 
not closely differentiated, the red and white fir components in the 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGP: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



397 



first-moiitionod type forming- nioro nearly sii])typ»' iioo-reojitions in the 
stanclsof yellow-piiu' type. The mill timl)ei" at the lowest and niiddlo 
elevation.s on the southern and eastern .slopes of Lost l^eak is of fair 
quality and moderately easy of aecess, l)ut is generally of small dimen- 
sions. Elsewhere and at high ahitudes it is of poor quality and 
inaccessible. 

Fires have marked nearly all of the forest throughout the town- 
ship. Most of the damage has been on the northern and western 
slopes of Lost Peak. Reforestation is scanty, most of it being com- 
posed of scattered stands of lodgepole ])ine. Many of the burned- 
over tracts are covered with dense brush growth of various species of 
shrubs, the vellum-leaved ceanothus being the most common and 
prominent species. 

None of the lands are mineral in character. 

The area! and timber estimates are as follows: 



Forested mid other areax in T. 35 S.. R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 740 

Nonforested area (bare rocks and marsh 5,500; burned, 800) 6, 300 

Badly burned area 5, 200 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

44.2 

3.5 

.9 

17.7 

8.9 

17.7 

7 


Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

500, 000 

10, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Feet B. M 

38, 000, 000 

2, 650, 000 

500, 000 

20, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

500, 000 


Sugar pine 


White pine 

Red fir 


White tir 


Noble tir 

Alpine hendock 

Engelniann spruce 


Total 








56, 500, 000 


112, 650, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 incites and uptrard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 20 

Sugar pine 8 

White pine 1 

White-bark pine 01 

Red fir 30 

White fir 26 

Noble tir 14 

Alpine hendock 7.3 

Engelmann spruce 1 



398 b'orest reserves. 

Township 35 South, Range 7^ East. 

This township is situated in Upper Klamath Lake and contains 
overflowed lands producing sedge and tule and lands deeply covered 
by the waters of the lake. It has no forested areas. In some places 
on the overflowed marshes semidry hummocks covered with willow 
brush are beginning to appear, which is evidence of a gradvial lower- 
ing or drying up of the lake through natural causes. 

Township 35 South, Range 7 East. 

The western areas of this township consist of marsh}" and grass- 
covered tracts bordering Upper Klamath Lake. The eastern sections 
include steep ridges of volcanic origin rising abruptly from the marsh}'' 
eastern areas. 

The steep western front of the hilly section is sparsely timbered; 
the balance bears a forest of yellow pine of light stands and inferior 
quality. It is all fire marked. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 7. E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15, 360 

Nonforested area ( marsh and meadow) 7, 680 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 7 E., Oregou. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
40, 320, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 95 

Lodgepole pine 5 

Township 35 South, Range 8 East. 

This township is situated east of the main range of the Cascades and 
consists of rough, broken ridges and slopes radiating from Swan Lake 
Point. 

The forest is chiefly yellow pine of medium quality, fire marked 
throughout, and diflicult of access. Small grassy swales occur and 
are fringed with stands of lodgepole pine. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 85 S., R. 8 E., Oreyon. 



399 



Acres. 



Forested area 23, 040 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., Jl. 8 E., Ore/jon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Micliigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
87 
4.3 

8.7 


Feet B. M. 

40, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 


Fret B. Jf. 

59, 296, 600 
2, 764, 800 
5, 776, 200 
1,382,400 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White lir 


Total 








46, 000, 000 


69, 220, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 90 

Sugar pine 1 

Lodgepole pine 6 

White fir 1 

Red fir 2 

Township 35 South, Range 9 East. 

The northern portion of this township consists of flats and low liills 

of rough lava. It is sparsely or not at all timbered, the forest, when 

present, being composed of scattered trees of yellow pine, or of thin 

lines of j^ellow pine, lodgepole pine, cottonwoods, and aspen fringing 

the streams. The central and southern areas consist of slopes and 

spurs projecting from Saddle Mountain, a volcanic peak. These 

ridges are well timbered along their summits and intermediate slopes, 

■sparsely at their base. The 3'ellow pine, which forms the principal 

mill timber, is mostly of small growth, rarely exceeding 24 inches at 

the base; 60 per cent falling below 20 inches basal diameter. It is 

difiicult of access except at the lowest elevations and is fire marked 

throughout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15, 340 

Nonforesited area (grazing and semiarid) 7, 700 

Badly burned area 1 , 200 

Logged area None. 



4U0 



FOREST RESERVES. 
Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., B. 9 E., Oregon. 



Sjiecies. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine. . 

Red fir 

AVhite fir . . . 



Total . 



Local pniftice. 



Per cent. 

92.8 

5.7 

1.5 



Feet B. M. 

65, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

1,000,000 



70, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
73, 000, 000 
1,000,000 
4, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



80, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icitJi basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

YelloM' pine 85 

Lodgepole pine 12 

Sugar pine 25 

Red fir 2 

White fir 75 

Township 35 South, Rakge 10 East. 

This township consists of a semiarid lava plateau bordering and 
extending north of the Sprague River Valley. In the extreme north- 
ern portion of the township the plateau rises into steep, rocky hills. 

The region is very sparsely timbered, the forest consisting of 
scattered trees of low, scraggy growth. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 12, 160 

Nonforested area ( meadow and nemiarid grazing land ) 10, 880 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oirgon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine. 



Local practice. 



Feet B. M. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species u'ith basal 
diameters Of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 

Lodgepole pine.. 
Western juniper. 



Per cent 
99 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



401 



Township 35 South, Range 11 East. 

This township comprises a rocky hiva plateau stretching- northward 
from the Sprague River Valley. 

Light stands of yellow pine and western juniper are scattered over 
the plateau and along the intersecting shallow ravines. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 6, ?>40 

Nonforested area (meadow and seiniarid grazing land) 16, 700 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Orefjon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
3, 200, 000 







■] 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species itith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 99 

Western juniper 

Cottonwood 

Aspen 

Township 35 South, Range 12 East. 

This township consists chiefly of a stony lava plateau stretching 
northward from Sprague River Valley and bordering on the west the 
lower reaches of the S^^can River. The northeast corner contains a 
hilly area coining into the township from the Black Hills. 

The plateau portion of the township is nearly treeless. The hilly 
areas bear light stands of j^ellow pine of inferior quality, fire marked, 
and more or less difficult of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S. , R. 12 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 4, 240 

Nonforested area (meadow and semiarid grazing land) 18, 800 

Logged area (culled 50 per cent) 1, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
17,300,000 



21 GEOL, PT 5- 



-26 



402 



FOREST RESEKVES. 



Com posit ion of fond in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, induding trees of all specirs withhasnl 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

I'er cent. 

Yellow pine ^9 

White fir 



Western juniper. 
Lodgepole pine . . 

Cottonwood 

Aspen 



1 



Township 35 South, Range 13 East. 

The northwestern areas of this township consist of southward-pro- 
jecting spurs from the Black Hills Range. The central and southern 
portions consist of broad slopes and low ridges which are intersected 
by man\' small streams fringed with grassy, nonforested glades. In 
the extreme southern area is a nucleus of rocky ledges around an 
extinct crater. 

The central and northern areas are timbered with stands of ^yellow 
pine of moderate density and of medium quality. The southern sec- 
tions are very thinly forested, and the stands are separated by large 
grassy or sagebrush-covered flats. 

The region is eas}' of access. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 940 

Nonforested area (burned, 1,500; grazing, etc., 4,600) 6, 100 

Badly burned area 2, 200 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine... 

Sugar pine 

White fir 

Incense cedar 



Total 



Per cent. 

88.3 

6.6 

4.4 

.6 



Feet B. M. 

40, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

300, 000 



45, 300, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

48, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

600, 000 



57, 600, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including tree.s of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 90 

Sugar pine ^ 

Lodgepole pine 8 

White fir 1 • -^ 

Incense cedar 

Western juniper 



:}■ 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



403 



Township 35 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was estimated from information, and was not exam- 
ined personally. 

Forested and other areas in T. 35 S. , R. 14 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 040 

Nonforested area 15, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., li. U E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

White fir ... 


Per cent. 
100 


FeetB.M. 
16, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

22, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 








Total 




16, 000, 000 


28, 000, 000 





To^vNSHIP 36 South, Range 2 West. 

This township consists chiefly of agricultural and grazing lands 
bordering Rogue River and its tributary, Bear Creek. 

The timber occurs along the streams and on the slopes of Table 
Rock, where it is scattered in thin stands among masses of brush. It 
is of no commercial importance. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 2 W. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 4, 200 

Nonforested area 18, 840 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
2, 300, 000 
200,000 


Red fir 






Total 










2, 500, 000 









Composition afforest in T. 36 S., R. 2 W. , Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Red fir 2 

Oak 68 



404 forest reserves. 

Township 36 South, Raxge 1 West. 

The lands in this township are mosth' level valley lands of the 
semiarid type, supporting a scant growth of grass, and utilized for 
agric'idtural purposes where water for irrigation is available. 

The coniferous growth is confined to a few hilh^ areas in the southern 
sections. It has no commercial value. The region outside the culti- 
vated areas is dotted with copses of low-growing oaks and numerous 
patches of the common chaparral of the region ( Ceanothiis cuneatus). 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., B. 1 TT., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forestedarea o, 000 

Xonforested area - 18, 040 

Logged area (culled, 90 per cent ) All. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. Local practice. Michigan prac 



Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine I j 2,700,000 

Red fir i 300,000 



Total 3,000,000 



Camposilian of forest in T. 36 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 58 

Red fir 2 

Oak 40 

Township 36 South, Range 1 East. 

The township consists of low hills and level areas along Little Butte 
and Antelope creeks. The tracts are all of the semiarid type, and are 
under cultivation where irrigation is possible and practicable. 

Fires have run throughout the township, and large areas of the 
slopes are covered with dense stands of mountain mahogany and other 
varieties of scrub vegetation. 

The mill timber has long ago been closely culled and what is left is 
of little commercial value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 9, 400 

Nonforested area 13, 640 

Logged area (culled, 75 per cent) All. 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., B. IE., Oregon. 



405 



species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
4, 800, 000 
500, 000 


Red fir 






Total 










5, 300, 000 









Composition of forest in T. 36 S. , R. 1 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba.'<al 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 70 

Red fir 5 

White fir Scattered trees. 

Oak 25 

Madrona Scattered trees. 

Township 36 South, Range 2 East. 

This township comprises a hilh' region, with many steep and rocky 
ridges draining into the tributaries of Little Butte Creek. 

The forest is scant}^ and mostly of inferior quality, the best portions 
having long since been cut out. 

Fires have marked it all, and have induced extensive brush growths 
throughout the timbered areas. 

Forested and other areaj< in T. 36 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 

.\cres. 

Forested area 16, 040 

Nonforested area 7, 000 

Logged area (culled, 30 per cent) 10, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 


Per cent. 

35.7 

7.1 

57.1 


Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 
8,000,000 


Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
22, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 


Incense cedar 










Total 




14, 000, 000 


41, 000, 000 





406 FOREST RESERVES. 

Compofdtion offoreM in T. 36 S. , R. 2 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species vith husal 

diameters of 4 inches and wpvxvrd. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 35 

Sugar pine 1 

Red fir 50 

White fir 8 

Incense cedar 2 

Oak 5. 8 

Township 36 South, Range 3 East. 

This township is situated in part within the watershed of Little 
Butte Creek and in part within the watershed of the South Fork 
of Big Butte Creek. The eastern areas consist of long, easy slopes 
stretching westward from the base of Mount Pitt; the western por- 
tions are a mass of steep, broken ridges and slopes with broad valleys 
in the north-central areas of the township. 

The central and, in part, the eastern areas contain a very massive 
forest in which the yellow pine, largely composed of standards and 
veterans, is of excellent quality and easj" of access. A large propor- 
tion of the red fir is composed of small standards. The noble fir enters 
the township in the extreme eastern areas. The white pine occurs in 
the southeast areas. Fires have run through most of the township, 
burning 10 per cent of the timber. Brush growths with scanty refor- 
estations are the results of the fires. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 440 

Nonforested area (meadows, glades, etc. ) 3, 600 

Badly burned area 1, 500 

Logged area 600 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Specie... 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 


Per cent. 

22.4 

1.3 

3.2 

64.1 

3.2 

5.2 

.6 


Feet B. M. 
35, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
100, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
8,000,000 
1, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 

4, 500, 000 

6, 000, 000 

160, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 

10, 500, 000 

2, 500, 000 


White pine 

Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


Incense cedar 


Total 




156, 000, 000 


258, 500, 000 







U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV 



TWENTY-FlRST ANNUAL pepORT PART V PL. LXXXIII 




A. MOUNT PITT, FROM //ESI 



:LI'^Arj t::A . , UPPER KLAMATH LAKE. 




Ji MOUNT PITT, AS SEEN FROM FISH LAKE. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 407 

Composition of forest in T. 36 »S'., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species witJt basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent 

Yellow pine 23 

Sugar pine 5 

White pine 5 

Lodgepole pine 2 

Eed fir (50 

White fir 10 

Noble fir 3 

Incense cedar 2 

Yew and cottonwood 8 

Township 36 South, Range 4 East, 

This township in part is situated on the western slope of the Cas- 
cades. In part it covers the summit, while the extreme eastern sections 
lie on the eastern declivities of the range. The crest line of the Cas- 
cades enters the township near the northeast corner, forming a west- 
curving arch toward the southeast corner, where it leaves the township. 

The western areas of the township consist of a series of narrow, flat 
terraces encircling the base of Mount Pitt. The central and eastern 
sections contain Mount Pitt in the northern portions and have the 
southern and intermediate areas filled with vast lava flows from the 
volcanic vents which anciently existed around this peak. 

Mount Pitt, seen from any direction, appears as a huge, symmet- 
rical, sharp-pointed cone. In reality it is a narrow hogback which 
originally formed the western and southern segments of the periphery 
of a huge crater. Most of this crater has been blown away by ancient 
eruptions, leaving standing the sharp-crested ridge now known as 
Mount Pitt. At the northwestern termination the ridge falls sharply 
and precipitously away, which, together with the steep slopes on all 
sides, give it the characteristic conical aspect. The mountain has an 
altitude of 9,760 feet. It stands on a nearlj' circular platform of lava 
about 6 miles in diameter. A great deal of this lava is of the most 
vesicular type and is indescribabh^ rough. It has issued from fissures 
at the base of the mountain and is of comparatively recent formation, 
much of it not having the slightest soil covering, or supporting any 
vegetation except mosses and lichens in the crevices (PI. LXXXIII, 
A and B). 

The crest line of the Cascades passes directly through the mountain 
and continues southward to Mount Brown, being formed, in part, 
between the two peaks of a rough lava flow which apparently welled 
out from ia fissure that opened southward from Mount Pitt, and, in 
part, from lava flows ejected northward from Mount Brown. 

With the exception of a few unimportant rivulets the entire visible 
drainage of the township is concentrated in the North Fork of Little 
Butte Creek. This stream and its water suppl}' is of some importance, 



408 FOREST RESERVES. 

inasiiiuch as it is drawn upon for a large portion of the irrigation water 
utilized on thesemiarid tracts in the region of Eagle Point and Browns- 
boro in the Rogue River Valley. The stream first issues from under 
a mass of i-ough, heaped-up lava which forms the crest of the Cascades 
between Mounts Pitt and Brown. It does not come forth as small 
springs, but flows out in a sheet 40 or 50 feet wide and 3 to 4 feet in 
depth, with a strong, stead}" current of ice-cold water. Immediately 
after issuing from under the lava it enters a sort of reservoir named 
Fish Lake, which in reality is only a widening of the stream. The 
lake is about a mile in length, one-third of a mile in width, and 4 to 5 
feet in depth. The creek leaves the lake at the west end through a 
gap one-fourth of a mile in width, which soon narrows to 150 yards. 
It is cut through, a mass of lava and is 60 to 60 feet in depth. Fish 
Lake is excellently situated for water-storage purposes. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. On the south side 
and at the west end Fish Lake is bordered by 200 to 250 acres of 
marshy meadow land, partly dry during a portion of each year, over- 
flowed at high water, and covered with a coarse growth of tough and 
wiry sedge. 

Cattle range through the forest, and both cattle and horses are occa- 
sionally driven to the marshy ground around the lake for summer 
pasture. In past years sheep were pastured at the lake, but none have 
been there in recent years. 

All of the forest types occurring on the western slopes of the Cas- 
cades in the Rogue River Basin are represented in the township, but 
of the 3^ellow-pine type there is but a small quantit3\ Most of the 
township is covered with stands of the red-fir type. The alpine- 
hemlock type occurs on the slopes of Mount Pitt and on the adjacent 
high-altitude areas. The summit of Pitt projects about 350 feet above 
the timber line on the southern declivities and 800 feet above the line 
on the northern slopes. 

Forest fires have ravaged all of the timbered tracts, consuming an 
enormous quantity of mill timber, if one may judge from the density 
of a few of the surviving veteran stands on the northern side of Fish 
Lake, which in some localities will cut 90,000 feet B. M. per acre. 
Especially have the fires been severe in the timbered tracts below the 
Mount Pitt platform to the west of the mountain. In almost every 
case the burned-over areas have grown up to brush, with scant signs of 
reforestation. In the burns a mile or two north of Fish Lake fires of 
recent origin have burned out even the soil down to the rough lava 
foundation. This has been possible because the soil on the younger 
lava flows, when there is any at all, is wholly composed of decaying 
wood}^ matter. 

The timber is of fair quality in the southwestern and west-central 
areas, but elsewhere is much damaged by rot due to fire sears and 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANOP: AND ASHLAND RESERVP:S. 409 

scars. It can be logood on all areas l)elow .subalpine elevations b}'' 
way of the old Kancheria-Fort Klamath wag'on road, which runs 
throug-h the center of the next township north, and, over a road with 
eas}^ gradients, which affords an outlet to the Rogue River Valley 
settlements. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., K. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 040 

Nonforested area (naturally nonforested, 4,500; l)urned, 2, .500) 7, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S. , A' 4 E. , Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow jiine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 

Noble fir 

White fir 

Alpine hemlock. . . 
Western hemlock . 
Engelmann spruce 



Total. 



Per cent. 
3.1 
1.3 
3.7 

75 

11.9 
5 



Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 
120, 000, 000 
19, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 



160, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

10, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

8, 500, 000 

148, 000, 000 

37, 000, 000 

27, 000, 000 

13, 000, 000 

1,500,000 

1,000,000 



248, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 36 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with diam- ■ 

eters of 4 inches at the base and uptvard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine .* 5 

Sugar pine 25 

White i^ine - 

White-bark pine 001 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Red fir 60 

White fir H 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine fir 001 

Alpine hemlock ' 

Western hemlock - . • ' 

Engelmann spruce 3 

Township 36 South, Range 5 East. 

This township is situated wholly on the eastern slope of the Cas- 
cades. The western areas consist of high, rough lava flows ejected 
partly from Mount Pitt, partly from Mount Brown; the central por- 



410 FOREST RESERVES. 

tions consist of glaciated lava Hows with numerous depressions holding 
small lake and marshes, while the eastern sections are fiat and marshy 
with intersecting low combs and ridges of volcanic rock. 

The drainage of the township flows into Pelican Bay of Upper Kla- 
math Lake througli a nimiber of small creeks heading near Mount 
Pitt, and mostly dry in the summer time. In the north-central regions 
of the township is Fourmile Lake, 2^ miles in length by one-half or 
three-fourths mile in width. East and south of the lake there are 
a dozen or more shallow lakelets scattered about in the depressions 
existing in the lava sheet along the northeast foot of Mount Pitt. The 
paucity of visible drainage from this and the foregoing townships, 
and in general from the entire region of liigh and middle altitude in the 
Cascades south of township 34, is noteworthy. Evidently most of the 
water sinks in the lava, which must be widely fissured. It is not clear 
where it again comes to the surface. Possibly the large and numerous 
springs rising in the bottom of Pelican Bay in Upper Klamath Lake 
account for some, but most of it is lost, or at least does not come to 
the surface anywhere in the immediate region of the Cascades. 

There are no agricultural lands in the township. Nearly all of the 
creeks in the central and eastern portions are bordered by marshy 
sedge meadows which could be utilized for pasturage. 

The forest is chiefly of the red-fir type. Areas near Mount Pitt 
carry stands of alpine-hemlock type and tracts in the eastern sections 
contain small quantities of yellow-pine type. 

Forest fires have ravaged the township everywhere. Recurrent 
fires in the central and eastern areas have laid waste large tracts of 
lodgepole-pine reforestations after earlier fires. In the western por- 
tions heavy stands of veteran noble fir have been destroyed, leaving 
behind only lone trees here and there. The reforestations have been 
confined mostly to low-lying areas with plenty of seepage and soil 
moisture. On the slopes, brush growths have replaced the forest in 
almost every instance. Altogether 40 per cent of the standing timber 
has been destroyed by fire within the last forty or forty -five 3^ears, and 
at least 50 per cent of the ensuing reforestations of lodgepole pine. The 
old military road between Fort Klamath and the Rogue River Valley 
passed through the center of the township in an east-west direction. 
The travel over this road was, doubtless, responsible for many of the 
devastating fires which have demolished its forests. 

The quality of the timber is poor, owing to the frequent fires. The 
white pine occurs chiefly in the south-central portions of the town- 
ship. It is of small growth, seldom exceeding 20 inches basal diam- 
eter and 30 feet clear trunk. The township can be logged from the 
Pelican Bay region, but none of its areas are readily accessible. 

No mineral deposits are known to occur in the township. 



LEIBERG."! 



CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



411 



ForeMcd <ni(l other areafi hi T. 35 S., R. o K., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 12, 840 

Nonforested area (meadows, etc. , 5,000, burned clean, 5,200) 10, 200 

Badly burned area 12, 000 

Logged area None. 

To1(d stand of timber in T. .%' S., Ji. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

White pine 


Per cent. 

5.3 
14. 
35. 
17.6 
17.6 

8.8 


Feet B. M. 

3, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 
10,000,000 
10, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


Feel B. M. 

3, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 
36, 000, 000 
60, 700, 000 
13, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


Alpine hemlock 


Western hemlock 


Engelmann spruce 


1.7 


1,000,000 


Total 




57, 000, 000 


139, 700, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 36 S., B. 5. E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith 

basal diameters of 4 inches and nptuard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 2 

White pine 8 

Lodgepole pine 8 

Red fir 20 

White fir 45 

Noble fir , 10 

Alpine hemlock 5 

Western hemlock 1 

Engelmann spruce 1 

Township 36 South, Range East, 

This township is situated wholh' east of the Cascades, and comprises 
in the western and southern areas low rocky terminations of the vol- 
canic mountain masses of the adjacent townships on the south and west. 
The central portions consist of low marshy flats, extending eastward 
and connecting with marshy tracts bordering Pelican Bay, which, 
together with a small portion of the bay, cover the eastern sections of 
the township. 

Almost the entire visible water supply flows into Fourmile Creek, 
through which it finds its way into Pelican Bay. Exception should 
be made in the case of the larj^e and numerous springs which rise in 
the bottom of that bay, and whose origin undoubtedly is in the 
mountains in the western portion of the township. The volume of 



412 FOREST RESERVES. 

water in Fourmilc Creek i.s snmll until about 2 miles above its outlet, 
where it is suddenly augmented. 

The lands which can Tk^ utilized for purposes of agriculture comprise 
2,000 acres; the grazing lands about 2,000 more. The tracts of graz- 
ing and agricultural lands are situated along Fourmile Creek, in the 
central areas of the township, extending westward about 3 miles 
from the marshy areas bordering Pelican Bay, and in the southeastern 
sections of the township bordering the bay. With few exceptions 
they are wet and liable to overflow, but are capable of yielding large 
quantities of coarse wild hay. The marshy areas bordering Pelican 
Bay are very wet and mudd}^, and can be pastured only in late summer 
and fall. Almost all of the grazing and agricultural land is held by 
residents or nonresident private owners. Some of the land here 
classed as agricultural is covered with half -burned growths of lodge- 
pole pine, requiring clearing. The grazing lands are naturally non- 
forested, and must so remain, owing to their wet and swampy nature. 
Lying directly in the track of the draftage from the permanently 
snow-covered northeastern slopes of Pitt, the region is frosty, or at 
least liable to summer frosts. It is doubtless for this reason that no 
ao-ricultural improvements of much value or permanenc}^ have been 
made. 

The forest is wholly of yellow-pine type. Fires have ravaged it 
in all directions, and have been followed by lodgepole-pine reforesta- 
tions on low -lying areas, and by brush growths on the higher and drier. 
The best timber is found on the southern slopes of Lost Peak, in the 
north-central areas of the township, along the bottoms of Fourmile 
Creek, on tracts elevated sufiiciently to be permanently above high 
water, where occur heavy and very valuable stands of nearly pure 
growth yellow pine, and in the southeastern sections of the township, 
where the forest is thickest, but the timber of inferior quality. 

The township can easily be logged from Pelican Bay. The logging 
so far done consists of cuttings to supply local demands of settlers, and 
has been carried on for many years. The cutting in the extreme 
southeast corner of the township has been for export to the mills at 
the foot of Upper Klamath Lake. 

No mineral-bearing areas have been discovered in the township. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15> 840 

Nonforested area (meadows, marsh, etc. ) 7, 200 

Badly burned 5. -500 

Logged area (98 per cent then burned over) 2, 000 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 
Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 6 K, Oregon. 



413 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

73.7 

6.2 

19.3 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 
95, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 



1,000,000 



129, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

110,000,000 

8, 300, 000 

35, 000, 000 

20, 000, 000 

2, 100, 000 



175, 400, 000 



Compodtion afforest in T. 36 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^^ ^^^^^ 

.. 40 
Yellow pine 

Sugar pine ^„ 

Lodgepole pine " 

Red fir - 



White fir ... - 
Incense cedar 



18 
1 



Township 36 South, Range 7a East. 
This township comprises areas mostly covered by the waters of Upper 

Klamath Lake. 

A few of the points projecting into the lake bear a light torest ot 

little or no commercial value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 7a E., Oregon. 



Acres. 
3,000 



None. 



Forested area , . „ 

Nonforested area (marshes and lake) V^„„ 

Logged area 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 7a E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 



Feet B. M. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
2, 500, 000 
500, 000 



3, 000, 000 



Composition afforest in T 36 S., R. 7a K, Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^ ^^^^ 

80 

Yellow pine „ 

Lodgepole pine 

Red fir 



10 



41i 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 36 South, Range 7b East. 

This township is mostly covered by the waters of Upper Klamath 
Lake, or comprises lands intermittently, overflowed from that source. 

The northeastern portions of the township are formed by a project- 
ing point of the lava plateau which stretches northward from Swan 
Lake Point, The front of this plateau, where it breaks off to the lake, 
is of semiarid character, and is either bare or in spots covered with 
clumps of mountain mahogany or scrubby western juniper. The sum- 
mit bears thin stands of yellow pine of inferior quality, mixed with 
small quantities of red fir and western juniper. 



Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., E. 7b E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 7, 280 

Nonforested area 15, 760 

Logged area None. 



Total stand of timber in 


T. 36 S., R. 7b E., Oregon 




Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
15, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
21, 640, 000 





Township 36 South, Range 8 East. 

This township consists of a mass of broken ridges and spurs radi- 
ating from Swan Lake Point. 

The ridges are timbered with a forest of yellow pine, most of which 
is of small dimensions and difficult of access. Grassy glades occur 
here and there among the ridges and are fringed with thin stands of 
lodgepole pine. 

Forested and. other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 23, 040 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


1 
Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

92.3 

2.6 

5.1 


Feet B. M. 
36, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
72, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
4, 000. 000 
5, 000, 000 
1, 280, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








39, 000, 000 


84, 280, 000 


1 



LEIBER<;.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



415 



Componifion of forest in T. ,36 S., R. c9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species iritli Iximl 

diameters of 4 inches and uptvard. 

Per ('(.'nt. 

Yt'Uow j)ine 8.S 

Sugar pine 2 

Lodgepole pine 12 

Red fir 1 

Wliite fir :} 

Incense cedar i 

Western juniper / . 

Township 36 South, Range 9 East, 

This township consists chiefl}^ of steep slopes extending in an east- 
erly direction from Swan Lake Point. 

The region is well timbered except in the northeast corner of the 
township, where the stands are thin and are much broken by grassy 
glades. The timber is of medium quality, the yellow pine being 
largely composed of standards. It is fire marked throughout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , E. 9 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 840 

Nonforested area 1, 200 

Badly burned area 3, 300 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S. , R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Eed fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total... 



Per cent. 

88 

.9 

7.3 

1.9 

1.9 



Feet B. ^f. 
95, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



108, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
110, 500, 000 
1, 300, 000 
12, 200, 000 
9, 500, 000 
2, 500, 000 



136, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 36 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 88 

Sugar pine 3 

Lodgepole pine 4. 7 

Red fir 3 

White fir \ 

Incense cedar / 



416 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 30 South, Range 10 East. 

The northern sections of this township consist of bottom lands, 
mostly grass covered, bordering Sprague River, with small areas of 
steep lava bluffs north of the stream. The central and southern por- 
tions are hilly, and bear an open growth of yellow pine of small dimen- 
sions, mixed with small quantities of white fir and incense cedar along 
the higher elevations. The timbered areas are intersected by defor- 
ested tracts, which consist, in part, of grassy glades, wet in the spring- 
time, dry during the balance of the year; in part, of stony tracts, with 
scattered junipers or growths of sagebrush. 

The logging and culling has been done by the Klamath Indians. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 240 

Nonforested area 12, 800 

Logged area (culled, 2 per cent) Throughout. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
30, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
38, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
500, 000 


White fir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








30, 000, 000 


40, 500, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 36 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species v:ith liasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 99 

Lodgepole pine ^ 

White fir i ^ 

Incense cedar J 



Township 36 South, Range 11 East. 

This township consists chiefly of agricultural and grazing areas bor- 
dering Sprague River. The southern portion of the township com- 
prises a hilly area, which, in part, forms the divide between the Sprague 
River and the Lost River drainage. The lower slopes of this divide 
bear an open growth of yellow pine of fair quality, mixed with thin 
stands of western juniper. The higher and intermediate slopes bear a 
denser growth of yellow pine, mixed with a small percentage of white 
fir and incense cedar. 

These stands of timber supply the Indians around the Yainax sub- 
agency with their timber and lumber. 



i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 417 

Forested (111(1 oilier (I ri'ii.t III T. MS., R. ll A'., Orer/oii. 

Acrt's. 

Forested area ■ 7, 680 

J^onforested area 15, 360 

Logged area (culled on an average 10 per cent ) 4, 500 

Totiil .fliiiiil iif liiiihcr III 7'. .)V; ,s'.. It. II I'J., Orcr/on. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow i)ine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
58, 000, 000 


Feet B. ^r. 
64,000,-000 
2, 200, 000 
300, 000 


White fir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








58, 000, 000 


66, 500, 000 







Composition of forest In T. S6 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, Includinij treex of all species vltli Ixi.i'il 

diameters (f 4 Inches and upivard. 

Pfi- cent. 

Yellow pine 99 

White tir > 

Incense cedar I 1 

Western juniper J 

Township 36 South, Range 12 East. 

The northern areas of this township consist of tjrazing and agricul- 
tural lands bordering- Sprague lii\'er. The central and most of the 
southern areas comprise a rocky lava plateau, carrjdng light and scat- 
tering stands of yellow pine and western juniper. In the extreme 
southern portions are a few slopes belonging to the Spraguo River- 
Lost River divide, which carry stands of yellow pine of medium 
density and quality. 

Forested and other areax in T. S6 S., R. H E., Orer/oii. 

Acres. 

Forested area 2, 500 

Nonforested area (grass or seniiarid tracts) 20, 540 

Logged area Xone. 

Total stand of timber in T. M S., R. 12 E., Oreijon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. Feet B. .V. 


Feet B. .^f. 
2, 500, 000 
300, 000 


White fir 1 




■1 


Total 




2, 800, 000 





21 GEOL, PT 5 27 



418 



FOREST EESERVES. 



Composition, of fared in. T. 36 S., R. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 



Yellow pine. 
White fir.... 



Per cent. 
. . . . 99 



Incense cedar 

Western juniper. 



Township 36 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
intV)rmation. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 16, 040 

Nonforested area 7, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


1 
Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
100, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
113, 000, 000 





Township 36 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 040 

Nonforested area 15, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 




Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 





Township 37 South, Range 2 West. 

This township comprises chiefly farming land in the Rogue River 
Valley. The timbered portions are confined to a low hilly region in the 
western sections. The timber is small and worthless for mill purposes. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 2 Tf., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 2, 400 

Nonforested area 20, 640 

Logged area ^ ^''- 



I.EIBEKG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 2 1 1'., Oregon. 



419 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Red tir 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Per cent. \ Feet B. 3f. 

I 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 
800, 000 
400, 000 



1, 200, 000 



Co)npo.vtion afforest in T. ,?7 S., R. 2 If., Oregon, including tree.^ of all species ivith hasal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Per cent. 
.... 65 
.... 30 



AVhite fir, incense cedar, oak, etc ^ 

Township 37 South, Range 1 West. 

The western and central portions of this township comprise agri- 
cultural and grazing lands of various character. The agricultural 
lands are in Bear Creek Valley and grazing lands on the slopes of 
Grizzly Range. These lands carry in some places oak copses and 
scattered trees of yellow pine. 

The summit of the range and the eastern slope are timbered with 
light stands of j^ellow pine and red fir, mosth^ of small growth. The 
forest is much intersected with grassy glades, all badly oyerpastured. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area ^'^^^ 

Nonforested area (meadows, agricultural, and rocky glades) 13, 500 

Logged area ^^'^^^ 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
37.5 



Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
9, 000, 000 



Sugar pine 1,000,000 

Kedfir 62.5 10,000,000 | 15,000,000 

White fir j --j 5,000,000 

Incense cedar I -100, 000 



Total . 



16, 000, 000 



30, -iOO, 000 



420 



FOEEST EESERVES. 



Composition of forest in. T. 87 S., li. 1 TF., Oregon, including trees of oil species vitli tiosal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 32 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 50 

White fir 14 

Oak 4 

Incense cedar Scattered trees. 

Township 37 South, Range 1 East. 

This township consists of eastern slopes of the Grizzl}' Range and 
a broken and hilly region forming portions of Antelope and Little 
Butte creeks watershed. 

The forest is much scattered, forming thin stands surrounded with 
broad strips of brush growth throughout the township. It is of small 
growth and mostly of inferior qualit}^ 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. IE., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 140 

Nonforested area (glades, etc. ) 1, 900 

Badly hurned area 2, 300 

Logged area Throughout to the extent of 35 per cent. 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
62.5 


Feet B. U. 
10, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
18, 000, 000 
500, 000 
12,000,000 

1,500,000 


Sugar pine .... 


Red fir 


37.5 


6, 000, 000 


White fir 


Total 








16, 000, 000 


32, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 37 S., E. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species ii-itli basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 35 

Sugar pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 50 

White fir 5 

Oak 10 



Township 37 South, Range 2 East. 

This township comprises a much broken region in the watershed of 
Little Butte Creek. The northern areas are lightly timbered; the 
southern bear good stands of forest. Red fir of small growth is the 
principal component. 



LEiBERG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 421 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., Ji. 2 E., Oregon. 

.\cTes. 

Forested area 20 040 

Noiiforested area ( naturally noiiforested ) 3, OOO 

Badly burned area 2 600 

Logged area 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 

1 


1 

Yellow pine 


Per cent 
28.5 


Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 


Feet B. J/. 
35, 000, 000 

1, 700, 000 
60, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


71.5 


50, 000, 000 


AVhite fir 


Total 








70, 000, 000 


100, 700, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. S E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasid 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 35 

Sugar pine 2 

Red fir 



58 



White fir 



Township 37 South, Range 3 East. 



The township consists chiefly of steep, rocky areas at the head- 
waters of Little Butte Creek. The forest is of medium density, and 
is intersected by great numbers of small rocky glades. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 
Forested area 19 540 

Nonforested area (rocky glades and agricultural) 3, 500 

Badly burned area 800 

Logged area (culled 25 per cent) 1^ 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Y''ellow pine 


Per cent. 
27 

3.5 
68 

1.4 


Feet B. M. 
38, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
95, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

54, 000, 000 

5, 600, 000 

130, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 

Total 




140, 000, 000 


193, 600, 000 







422 FOREST RESERVES. 

Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal 

diameters of 4- inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 35 

Sugar pine 3 

Red fir 56 

White flr 5 

Incense cedar | 

Pacific yew / 

Township 37 South, Range 4 East. 

This township forms the southwest corner of the reserve and is sit- 
uated whollv on the western declivities of the Cascades. It consists 
of rough and rocky areas, the eastern sections covered with lava flows 
from an extinct cone in the township to the east, locally known as 
Mount Brown. Most of these lava flows are of comparatively recent 
orig-in, so much so that no soil has as yet covered them. 

The forest is of red-fir type, light and irregular in the eastern half 
of the township, but comprising some exceedingly heavy stands in the 
western areas. 

The township contains no agricultural lands, but along North Fork 
of Little Butte Creek, which drains the western half of the township, 
are narrow swales of grazing lands, marshy or merely wet during 
stages of low water, submerged during flood seasons. Cattle range 
throughout the township, and considerable tracts of forest have been 
burned within recent years, apparently to provide browse for the 
stock. There are no signs to indicate that sheep have been pastured 
in the township in recent years. 

In the aggregate there are only 1,000 or 1,500 acres in the township 
not touched by fires of modern origin. These tracts exist as small, 
detached spots, ever3^where surrounded by a network of fire lanes, 
where the destruction varies from 10 per cent to total. 

The density of the forest varies much. On the lava flows from 
Mount Brown it is less than 2,000 feet B. M, per acre. In the western 
sections of the township the best stands average 17,000 feet B. M, per 
acre, while small areas here and there in the same sections run as high 
as 80,000 feet B, M, per acre. 

With the exception of the lava tracts in the eastern portions of the 
township, which are wholly inaccessible, the timbered areas can be 
logged from the south by way of the Ashland-Pelican Bay wagon road. 

No mineral deposits are known to exist in the township. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 940 

Nonf crested area (bare rocks, meadows, glades, etc., 3,100; burned clean 1,000) 4, 100 

Badly burned area 4, 500 

Logged area None. 



LEiBER(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand o/ tlniher in T. 37 >S., K. 4 J^-, Oret/on. 



423 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


White pine 


Per cent. 

8.2 

69.2 

12.5 

9.4 

.6 


Feet B. .V. 
1.3,000,000 
110,000,000 
20, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
1,000,000 


Feet B. ^f. 

18, 000, 000 

180, 000, 000 

48, 500, 000 

26, 000, 000 

3, 500, 000 

940, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


Engelmann spruce 


Yellow pine 


Total 








159, 000, 000 


276, 940, 000 







Composition of fared in T. 37 S., R. 4 I^-, Oregon, including trees of all species irith 

diameters of 4 inches and npimrd. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine - 

White pine *'• 

Sugar pine Scattered treen. 

Lodgepole pine 8 

Red fir W. 

White fir 18. 

Noble fir 10. 

Engelmann sijruce - 8 

Township 37 South, Range 5 East. 

The western portion of this township consists of the crest-line areas 
of the main range of the Cascades; the central of a depression stretch- 
ing from north to south with a width of 2 to 3 miles, and the eastern 
of the western slopes of a high, rugged, volcanic mountain mass lying 
between the Cascades and Upper Klamath Lake. 

In the northwest corner of the township the crest of the Cascades 
is formed of an extinct volcanic cone locally known as Mount Brown, 
Lines of comparatively recent lava flows ejected from this vent con- 
stitute the crest for some miles south from this cone. Near the 
southwest corner of the township the lava flows come to an end and 
the summit of the range is a flat or gently rolling area 2 to 2^ miles 
in width. 

Most of the central depression in the township is covered with the 
waters of Lake of the Woods. This is a shallow sheet of water, 3 
miles long, about a mile in width at its widest portion. Its western 
shore line, formed by lava flows from Mount Brown, rises rocky and 
abrupt; its eastern shores are marshy for a short distance back from 
the lake, then rise gently toward the east in a succession of terraces. 

Considering that the township lies within a region of comparatively 
heavy precipitation, its visible run-ofl' is remarkably small. Evidently 



424 FOEEST RESERVES, 

most of the -svater sinks ill tlKMiiuch-tissured hiva to reappear some- 
where outside the township Ijoundaries. The Lake of the Woods,' 
which forms a sort of reservoir for the entire visible drainage of the 
township, empties into Upper Klamath Lake through an insignificant 
creek, which is dry throughout most of the year. It is not unlikely 
that the lake has an underground outlet. 

The township contains no agricultural lands. The northern and the 
southern ends of Lake of the AYoods terminate in marshes containing 
in the aggregate about 1,200 acres. The}' produce heavy growths of 
coarse marsh sedges and species of rush, and are covered with water 
to a depth of 2 to 4 feet dviring portions of the year. 

The forest is chiefly of the red-fir type. It contains a small per- 
centage of yellow pine, which species here crosses the Cascades, one 
line coming north from the yellow-pine areas in the Klamath Gap, 
another coming from the southwest through low gaps in the crest line 
of the range from the headwaters of Jenny and Dead Indian creeks. 
The red and white firs also cross the range in this township. 

Fires have ravaged the entire township. With the exception of the 
thinly forested lava flows on the slopes of Mount Brown, I did not see 
a patch of forest as large as 20 acres which did not show the marks of 
fire within the past forty years. In many localities the fires have 
made a clean sweep of the timber, and the areas have grown up to 
brush; in other places the}^ have been of low intensity, burning 40 
per cent of a stand here, 5 per cent there, or merely destrojdng indi- 
vidual trees, but consuming the humus and killing the undergrowth. 
The areas to the west and at the south end of Lake of the Woods have 
been exceptionally badly damaged by recent fires. The entire town- 
ship seems to have been peculiarly exposed to destructive forest fires 
for ages. Most of its forest consists of reforestations less than 120 
years of age, which in some places contain scattered trees of veteran 
red fir 400 or more years old. One of the noteworthy features of the 
reforestations is the very large quantity of white fir in their compo- 
sition. 

Most of the timber in the township can be logged from the eastern 
side of the range via the Ashland-Pelican Bay wagon road. The areas 
around Mount Brown are inaccessible, so far as logging operations 
are in question. The timber is generally of inferior quality through- 
out, having been too often exposed to forest fires. 

iSo mineral deposits are known to occur in the township. 

FnreMed anil other iimia in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 1<3, 640 

Nonforested area (lakes and marshes, 4,000; burned clean, 2,400) 6, 400 

• Badly burned area 7, 000 

Logged area None. 



LEiBEK(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



425 



Species. 



Y'ellow pint' 

White i)iiie 

Rt'd fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock. . . 
Western hemlock . 
Engelmann spruce 

Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
3.9 
11.6 
39. 
19.4 
23.2 
2.9 



Feet B. M. 

2, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
12,000,000 

1,500,000 



51,500,000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Fed R. M. 

2, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 

120, 000, 000 

16, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

2, 500, 000 

400, 000 



185, 900, 000 



Com position offored in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine ^ 

White pine - '^ 

o 

Lodgepole pine '^ 

Eed fir 1^ 

Noble fir ^ 

White fir - ^4 

Engelmann spruce fecattered trees. 

Alpine hemlock ^ 

Western hemlock ■^ 

Township 3T South, Range 6 East. 

This township constitutes the southwest corner of the reserve and 
is situated east of the main range of the Cascades. Almost the entire 
township is filled with the mass of a high, craggy mountain range of 
volcanic origin, connecting with the Cascades through a level plateau 
area in the northern portion of T. 38 S. , R. 5 E. 

The township has no agricultural or grazing lands. There are small 
grassy glades scattered throughout the mountain areas, but they are 
practicalh' inaccessible. 

The forest is a mixture of yellow-pine, red-fir, and alpine-hemlock 
types. On the eastern and northern slopes there are small tracts at 
the lowest elevations carrying stands of forest in which yellow pine 
predominates. At higher elevations occurs the red-fir type, while the 
great body of the mountain mass bears only stands of alpine-hemlock 
type of low, scraggy growth scattered among rocky peaks and can- 
yons or on lava slopes where large, bare areas separate the thin lines 
and groups of trees. 

Fires have run throughout the entire township, consuming 25 per 
cent of the timber and badly damaging the remainder. Brush growths 



426 FOREST RESERVES. 

composed chiefly of the vellum-leaved ceanothus ( Ceanotfms velutinus) 
have covered the burned areas in place of reforestations. The south- 
eastern sections especially have suffered severely. 

Most of the drainage of the township sinks through the fissured lava 
rocks and is lost. The superficial flow is small and inconsequential. 

Small portions of the northern and eastern areas can be logged from 
the levels bordering Upper Klamath Lake, but the forest in the larger 
portion of the township can not be reached. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., It. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area ^ - 14, 040 

Nonforested area (bare rocks, etc., 5, 000; burned clean, 4, 000) 9, 000 

Badly burned area 6, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R.6E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Eed fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Alpine hemlock . . . 
Engelmann spruce 

Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

12.6 

1.8 

.9 

7.2 

18 

39.9 

14.4 

5.4 



Feet B. M. 

7, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 

500, 000 

4, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

.3, 000, 000 



55, 500, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

11, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 

800, 000 

4, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 

33, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 



110, 800, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 37 S., B. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vitli hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 10 

Sugar pine ^ 

White pine 9 

Lodgepole pine 22 

Eed fir 3 

White fir 20 

Noble fir 18 

Alpine hemlock . 20 

Engelmann spruce 5 

Township 37 South, Range T East. 

The eastern areas of this township comprise a broken lava slope, 
with ridges of low elevation rising here and there, bordering the west- 
ern shore of Upper Klamath Lake. The central areas comprise a por- 
tion of Aspen Lake, with various marshy tracts adjoining, while the 
western sections rise into a range of high and steep mountains. 



leiberg]. 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 



427 



The areas fronting on Upper Klamath Lake are thinly forested with 
scattered trees of yellow pine, lodgepole pine, and white fir. The 
western and the higher ground of the central areas bear much excel- 
lent 3^ellow pine, standards and veterans, with good, clear body. 

The forest is everywhere in the township badly fire marked, and in 
the western areas are many tracts where 50 per cent of the standing 
timber is dead from this cause. 

Forested and other areas in T. S7 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 140 

Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 3, 900 

Badly burned area 5, 300 

Logged area (culled 10 per cent) 1 , 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R.7E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
91.7 
5 
3.3 


Feet B. 31. 
110, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

135, 800, 000 

10, 000, 000 

24, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 




120, 000, 000 


169, 800, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 37 S., E. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cont. 

Yellow pine 75 

Lodgepole pine 5 

Red fir 2 

White fir 18 

Western juniper Scattered trees. 

Township 37 South, Range 8 East. 

This township lies mostly in Upper Klamath Lake, only an incon- 
siderable area in the western portion carrying thin stands of yellow 
pine. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., E. S E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 700 

Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 22, 700 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S. ,R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


1 
Local practice. ^^''^''tfce! ^""'" 


Yellow pine .... .... 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. Feet B. .V. 
1,400,000 









428 forest eeserves. 

Township 37 South, Range 9 East. 

The eastern areas of this township consist of marshy grass, or drier 
agricultural lands forming the western portion of Swan Lake Valley. 
The western sections comprise rough semiarid hills; the eastern sides 
are sparsely timbered with small-growth yellow pine; the western are 
bare or with scattered trees; the intervening valleys are mostly cov- 
ered with sage or with rabbit brush where water for irrigation is not 
available. 

Forested and otlier areas in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 880 

Nonforested area (brush-covered semiarid tracts, meadows, etc. ) 12, 160 

Logged area None. 



-'&&^ 



Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
40, 320, 000 





Coiiiposilion of forest in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine - 99 

Other sjiecies 1 

Township 37 South, Range 10 East. 

The central, western, and southern areas of this township consist of 
grazing and agricultural lands in Swan Lake Valley, which is a flat, 
dried-up lake bottom bounded on the east by a remarkably steep and 
precipitous, very thinlj'-forested mass of lava. The northern and 
western sides of the vallej^ are inclosed by broken ridges and slopes, 
while the southern end connects with the treeless areas of Alkali Flat. 
The northeastern portions of the township consist of the terraced 
eastern slope of Swan Lake Point and bear the forest. This is chiefly 
composed of scattered stands of medium quality yellow pine mixed 
with considerable quantities of small-growth red fir and incense cedar. 
The tract has been culled over for years, and most of the more val- 
uable incense cedar has been cut away and removed. Fires have ritn 
throughout, and the forest is in consequence much broken b}" brushed- 
over fire glades. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 6, 880 

Nonforested area (meadow and agricultural lands) 16, 160 

Badly burned area 800 

Logged area (culled 35 per cent) 3, 800 



LEiBERi;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES, 

Total i^tund oftiuihcr In T. 37 S., R. 10 E., Oregein. 



429 



Species. 


Local practice 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
83.2 


Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 


Feet B. ^f. 
32, 000, 000 

400, 000 
5, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 

700, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


16.8 


5, 000, 000 


White fir 


Incense cedar 








Total 




30, 000, 000 


43, 100, 000 





ComposHion of forest in T. 87 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including treen of all Kpecicti vitli liaml 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 88 

Sugar pine 2 

Lodgepole pine 8 

Red fir 6 

White fir 3 

Incense cedar 1 

Western juniper 1 

Township 37 South, Range Hi East. 

The central and southern areas of this township consist of semiarid 
lands with scattered poplar g-rov^es around the springs, or with thin 
stands of western juniper, or covered with bowlders and naked masses 
of rock and wholly nonforested. The northwestern and northeastern 
portions carry thin stands of inferior quality 3^ellow pine. The timber 
is easj^ of access, but of little commercial value. 



Forested and other arexun in T. 37 S., R. llh E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 8, 320 

Nonforested area (bare rocks, semiarid tracts, grazing and agricultural) 14, 720 

Logged area Xone. 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 11^ E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow j)ine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 


Feel B. M. 
18, 500, 000 





Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. Ilk E., Oregon, including trees of all species with 

basal diameters of 4 inches and upirard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 93 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Western juniper 1 

Poplar 1 



430 



forest reserves. 
Township 37 South, Range 11 East. 



This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested (did other areas hi T. 87 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 200 

Nonforested area 3, 840 

Total stand of timber in. T. 37 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 




Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
57, 600, 000 





Township 37 South, Range 12 East. 

This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and, otJter areas in. T. 37 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 20, 140 

Nonforested area 2, 900 

Tot<d .staHY? of timber in T. 37 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Yellow pine 
White tir . . . 



Per cent. 
100 



Total. 



100 



Feet B. 31. 
65, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

94, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 



65, 000, 000 



100, 000, 000 



Township 37 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not personalh' examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 20, 440 

Nonforested area 2, 600 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
60, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
95, 000, 000 





leibekg.] cascade range and ashland reserves. 

Township 37 South, Range 14 East. 



431 



This township was not personally examined, but was estimated 
from information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 14 E-, Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 040 

Nonforested area 6, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. U E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
White fir . . . 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

94 

6 



Feet B. M. 

30, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



32, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



52, 000, 000 



Township 38 South, Range 2 West. 

This township covers a region of low but steep hills west of Bear 
Creek Vallev- The valuable timber on these tracts has long ago been 
cut or burned, leaving nothing but a trace of the forest. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S. , R. 2 W. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 840 

Nonforested area 5, 200 

Badly burned area 6, 500 

Logged area (60 per cent) Throughout. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cait. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
12, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
30, 000, 000 





Composition of forext in T. 38 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species ivitli basal 

diameters of 4 inches and uptvard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine * 70 

Red fir 28 

Oak, madroila 2 



432 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 38 South, Range 1 West. 

This township consists of grazing and agricultural lands in Bear 
Creek Valley. The tree growth is composed of orchard stands and of 
thin fringes of willows, cottonwoods, Oregon ash, and maple along 
the banks of the stream. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 1 TF., Oregon. 

Acres. 

P\>rested area None. 

Nonforested area 23, 040 

Township 38 South, Range 1 East. 

The western and central areas of this township are situated in Bear 
Creek Valley and consist of grazing and agricultural lands. The east- 
ern portions comprise slopes of Grizzly Range. The western declivi- 
ties of the range are very sparsely timbered with scattered groups 
of yellow pine. The summit and eastern slopes bear light stands of 
yellow pine and red fir of small growth. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area ' 11, 440 

Nonforested area (grazing and agricultural) 11, 600 

Logged area ( culled, 65 per cent ) 4, 600 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine , 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
10,000,000 


Feet B. M. 

22, 000, 000 

1,600,000 


Red fir 


Total 








10, 000, 000 


23, 600, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 38 S. , R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per cent 

Yellow pine 98 

Red fir ; 1 

Oak 1 



Township 38 South, Range 2 East. 

The western portion of this township comprises Grizzly Peak and 
radiating ridges, rocky and lightly timbered with small red fir. noble 
fir, and white fir, badly burned throughout. 

The central and eastern areas consist of steep escarpments, rising 



LEiBERG.] Cascade range and ashland reserves. 433 

abruptly to the upper plateau of the Cascades, and bear scattered 
stands of sniall-g-rowth mill tinil)er, culled of its best portions, in the 
neighborhood of the various settlements east of Grizzly llange. 

Forested and other nrean in T. 38 S., R. .i E., Oregon. 

Acres 

Forested area ^ -' ""^^ 

Nonforested area (burned, 3,000; glades, etc., 8,000) 11,000 

Badly burned area "'*' ^^ 

Logged area (culled 40 per cent ) - *^ '^^ 

Tot(d d'liid. oftiinhrr ill T. .iS S., A". ,/ K., Omjov. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Feet B. M. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 



Per cent. 

Yellow pine 25 5,000,000 | 11,000,000 

Red fir I "•'> I 15,000,000 ! 33,000,000 

White fir. ' ---- ' 3,000,000 



Noble fir . . . 
Total. 



20, 000, 000 



1,000,000 



48, 000, 000 



fhinpomlion offored in T. 88 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, mduding iree^ of all spedea with 1>asal 

diameter of 4 inches and upward. 

■^ Percent. 

Yellow pine -" 

l^ugar pine 

Red fir ■■ 



.1 



■0 



White fir ^ 

Noble fir - • ^ 

Oak, mountain mahogany - ^ 

Township 38 South, Range 3 East. 

The central sections of this township consist of a series of open, 
grassy glades, used for grazing and agriculture. The northern and 
southern areas comprise low ranges of hills bearing excellent stands 
of yellow pine and red fir. 

Fires have ravaged much of the timbered sections, destroying 25 
per cent of the timber. The burned tracts do not reforest readily, 
but instead become covered with dense brush growths. Here, as 
everywhere else in the region lying on the western plateau of the 
Cascades, cattle range through the forest. Every glade or grass 
patch is badly overgrazed, and the trampling by stock when the 
ground is wet in spring or autumn prevents the small glades from 
becoming forested, as they would otherwise do, in most cases. 

21 GEOL, PT 5 28 



434 FOREST EESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17,340 

Nonforested area (meadows and glades) 5, 700 

Badly burned area 5,800 

Logged area (culled, 75 per cent) 2,000 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 >S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total... 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

33.3 

2.4 

63.5 



Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
80, 000, 000 



1,000,000 



126, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feel B. M. 
55, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
92, 000, 000 

4, 880, 000 

2, 000, 000 



156, 880, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 40 

Sugar pine 6 

Red fir 55 

White fir 3. 7 

Incense cedar 1 

Pacific yew 1 

Township 38 South, Range 4 East. 

The southeastern portions of this township comprise a series of 
high, steep ridges forming the crest of the main range of the Cas- 
cades. The balance of the township consists of a plateau-like tract 
intersected by low ridges and numerous small grassy glades. The 
forest stands are extremely uneven. In the southern and central 
areas occur large burned-over tracts covered with brush and alternat- 
ing with stands of small-growth white fir. In the northeastern corner 
is a low, swampy tract bearing a forest stand of massive proportion 
composed of white, red, and noble fir. The trees here are often as 
much as 8 feet in diameter and 200 feet in height. The yellow pine 
is of good quality and size. Most of the timber is easy of access from 
the west. 



Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 17, 340 

Nonforested area (burned, 2,800; glades, etc., 2,900) 5, 700 

Badly burned area 7, 000 

Logged area None. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



435 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine.. 
White pine . 

Red fir 

White fir . . . 
Noble fir . . . 



Local practice. 



Total. 



Per cent. 

19 
3.5 
2.5 

60 
5 

10 



Ftet B. M. 

38, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

120,000,000 

10,000,000 

20, 000, 000 



200, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

44, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

5, 900, 000 

145, 000, 000 

20, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 



247, 900, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 388., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species, mth basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward: 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 20 

Sugar pine -^ 

White pine 2 

Red fir 55 

White fir - 10 

Noble fir 9. 2 

Yew, etc 8 

Township 38 South, Range 5 East. 

The western and central areas of this township comprise high, rocky 
ridges which here form the backbone of the main range of the Cas- 
cades. They have been heavily timbered, but are now badly burned 
and covered with wide, dense brush growths surrounding irregular 
stands of red, white, and noble fir. The eastern portions consist of a 
marshy area called Buck Lake, a level flat north thereof, burned in 
recent times and now reforested with a thin growth of lodgepole pine, 
and an area of rocky slopes east of Buck Lake bearing scattered stands 
of medium quality yellow pine and much brush, the result of fires. 



Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 17, 040 

Nonforested area (burned, 3,000; meadows, etc., 3,000) 6, 000 

Badly burned area 4, 000 

Logged area None. 



436 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

White pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Incense cedar 

\\''estern hemlock 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

40 

2.2 

1.1 

56.7 



Feet B. M. 

36, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
1,000,000 

51,000,000 



Total , 



90, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

45, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

•1,200,000 

90, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

13,000,000 

300, 000 

500, 000 



156, 000, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward : 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 25 

Sugar pine - 1 

White pine Occasional trees. 

Lodgepole pine ^ 

Red fir 55 

White fir 5 

Noble fir 8 

Incense cedar Scattered trees. 

Western hemlock Scattered trees. 

Township 38 South, Range 6 East. 

The central and southern portions of the township comprise well- 
timbered ridges and slopes bordering Spencer Creek— a continuation 
of the heavy forest in T. 39 S., R. 6 E. 

The northern areas consist of marshy tracts at the south end of 
Buck Lake and burned and brushed over slopes. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 440 

Nonforested area (burned) 3, 600 

Badly burned area 5, 000 

Logged area - None. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 >S'., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



437 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
28.6 
14.3 
2 

46 


Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 

3, 000, OCO 
65, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
64, 000, 000 
22, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
103, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


White pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


7. 2 10, 000, 000 


Alpine hemlock 


Engelmann spruce 


1.4 


2, 000, 000 


Total 




140, 000, 000 


218, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

\ ellow pine 30 

Sugar pine 6 

White i)ine 8 

Red fir 45 

White fir 5 

Noble fir 10 

Alpine hemlock 2 

Western hemlock 2 

Engelmann spruce 1 

Township 38 South, Range 7 East. 

The western areas of the township comprise a portion of Aspen 
Lake, a shallow sheet of water, and steep, rocky slopes forming the 
divide between Aspen Lake and Spencer Creek. The eastern portion 
of the township consists of a rolling lava plateau with low ridges in 
the eastern sections. The plateau portion is covered with a nearl}' uni- 
form stand of forestof good quality, yellow pine largely predominating. 

The forest is fire marked throughout. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 540 

Nonforested area (lakes, marshes, and glades) .' 4, 500 

Badly burned area 3, 200 

Logged area None. 



438 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
86.5 
13.5 


Feet B. M. 

160, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

118, 000, 000 

57, 000, 000 

15, 700, 000 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 








185, 000, 000 


190, 700, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 60 

Red fir 30 

White fir 8 

Western juniper 2 

Township 38 South, Range 8 East. 

The eastern and central areas of this township consist chiefl}^ of 
marsh, bordering- Upper Klamath Lake, and areas covered with the 
waters of this lake. The western tracts carry thin stands of yellow 
pine and small-growth red and white fir scattered over low lava ridges. 
Fires have run throughout, and in the vicinit}^ of Long Lake Valley, a 
marshy meadow, have burned 85 per cent of the forest. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 5, 760 

Nonforested area (marsh and lake ) 17, 280 

Badly burned area 1, 500 

Logged area (culled for domestic use, 30 per cent) None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Red fir 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

14, 300, 000 

3, 500, 000 

3, 960, 000 


White fir 






Total 








8, 000, 000 


21, 760, 000 







LEiBEKG.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 439 

Composition of forest in T. S8 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species n-ith hnsal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine '•! 

Red fir 10 

White fir 15 

Sugar pine 

Lodgepole pine 

Incense cedar 

Western juniper 



Township 38 South, Range 9 East. 

The western portions of the township comprise meadow, marsh, and 
sagebrush-covered semiarid tracts. The central and eastern sections 
are hilly regions, the ridges mostly nonforested on the western slopes 
and timbered on the summits and eastern sides with a thin, light forest 
mostly valuable for fuel purposes. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., B. 9 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 5, 760 

Nonforested area (lake, marsh, and semiarid tracts) 17, 280 

Badly burned area 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. Michigan prac- 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
4, 500, 000 


Feet B. 3f. 
11,520,000 





Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all speoies with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upirard. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 99 

Western juniper 1 

Township 38 South, Range 10 East. 

The eastern and central areas of the township consist of grassy and 
marshy tracts around Swan Lake; the western part consists of low 
ranges of hills which bear thin stands of yellow pine of small 
dimensions. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 880 

Nonforested area (meadow and agricultural lands) 12, 160 

Logged area (culled 30 per cent) 1, 100 



440 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total Ktand (if Ihrilier i)i T. .38 S., R. JO K., (tregori. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local i)ractiee. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
11,000,000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
22, 000, 000 



Composition of foreM in T. .38 S., 11. 10 E., Oregon, including iree.'< of all species iritJi hasal 

diameters of 4 incites and upvKird. 

Tor cent. 

Yellow pine 95 

Western juniper 4 

Poplar, etc 1 

Township 38 South, Range Hi East. 

This township consists chiefly of nonforested areas in and adjoining 
Alkali Flat, a semiarid, sagebni.sh-covered region. 

In the southwestern areas are low hills, which carr}" a .scattered 
growth of western juniper, with now and then a yellow pine. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., li. Hi E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 1 , 640 

Nonforested area (grazing, agricultural, and semiarid lands) 21, 400 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. Ill -^-, Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feel B. M. 


Feet B. if.' 
2, 240, 000 




i 



Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. llh E., Oregon, including trees of all .species with 

basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 5 

Western juniper 95 

Township 38 South, Range 11 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 14, 040 

Nonforested area 9, 000 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




PART OF SOUTHERN OREGON SHOWi: 

Prepared under the direc;tioii of H 

BY.TOH^ 



c^^ 



LodiJepolt:' pine 



■t B 8 

Contour in t 
It 



TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL.LXXXIV 




r IJTSTRIBUIION OP^ L0DG.F:P0I.E PINE 

•y ('^ainiett,(ieo:ira|)1i«^r in eharo(> 

EIBERC 



ULIU3 BEN »CC. LITH N' 



' Jg l* !- 16 Ifl aiNOLES 

loOOfeet 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



441 



Species. 


Local practice. Michigan prac- 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
38, 000, 000 


1 
Feet B. M. 

53, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


Red fir 


AVhite fir 






4, 000, 000 


Total 










38,000,000 1 62.000.000 








• i 



Township 38 South, Range 12 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, --10 

Nonforested area 5, 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 



40, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Fed B. M. 
84, 000, 000 
2,000,000 
500, 000 



86, 500, 000 



Township 38 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area l^j 1^^ 

Nonforested area ^> "00 

Total stand of limber in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine .. 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total... 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
28, 000, 000 



^lichigan prac- 
tice. 



28, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

38, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

44, 000, 000 



442 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Township 38 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and oilier areas in T. 38 S., B. 14 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 9, 040 

Nonforested area 14, 000 



Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
5, 500, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
8, 000, 000 



Township 39 South, Range 2 West. 

This township is largely made up of areas semiarid in character, sup- 
porting extensive brush growths, but little timber. 

The once forested tracts have been badl}^ burned, and in place of 
the forest have come oak copses, madroiia, and thickets of '•chaparral." 

The forest has been pretty well culled of its dimension stuff long 
ago, and what remains is mostly small growth and of little commercial 
value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 2 IF., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 9, 040 

Nonforested area (burned, 2,500; naturally nonforested, 11,500) 14, 000 

Badly burned area 2, 500 

Logged area (culled 50 per cent) All. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R 2 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
81.3 

18.7 


Feet B. M. 

13, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

29, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 


Red fir 


Total 




16, 000, 000 


35, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with 

basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 80 

Red fir 10 

Oak , mad roiia 10 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



443 



Township 39 South, Range 1 West. 

This township comprises steep rocky slopes, draining parth' into 
Applegate Creek, partly into Bear Creek. 

Originally of good proportion, the forest has been culled during 
man}^ years and stripped of its best timber, only a trace remaining. 

Fires have wrought great havoc and have transformed many of the 
slopes into great brush heaps with thin lines of half -dead trees in 
their midst. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., H. 1 W., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 240 

Nonforested area (rocky slopes, agricultural, etc. ) 5, 800 

Badly burned area 3, lOO 

Logged area (culled throughout 45 per cent) All. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., E. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

70 

8 

22 


Feet B. M. 
35, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 
11, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
73, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 
21,000,000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


Total 




50,000,000 in.^ ooci nnn 1 











Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 70 

Sugar pine 8 

Red fir 20 

Oak, madrona 2 

Township 39 South, Range 1 East. 

The extreme western portions of this township consist of low, 
sparsely timbered slopes, with heavier stands in the ravines; the cen- 
tral portions comprise agricultural and grazing lands while the eastern 
mainly include semiarid, rocky, nonforested slopes. 

The forest is of poor quality throughout. Since the first settlement 
of the region it has been culled and burned repeatedly. Private hold- 
ings have conserved some of the better portions. In general the tim- 
ber is of little commercial value. 



Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., B. IE., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 040 

Nonforested area 15, 000 

Logged area (culled 50 per cent) All. 



44i 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total Ktrwd of thnher lit. T. 39 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine . . 
Red fir 



Total. 



Per cent. 
68.7 
18.7 
12.5 



Feet B. M. 

11,000,000 

3, 000, 000 

r, vv)o, 000 



16, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

22, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 



35, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 60 

Sugar pine 15 

Red fir 20 

Oak, madroiia 5 

Township 39 South, Range 2 East. 

This township consists mostly of steep rock}" breaks rising al^ruptly 
from Bear Creek Valley toward the Siskiyou-Cascades junction in the 
east. 

A large proportion of the region is naturally nonforested. The for- 
ested areas bear thin stands of scattered yellow pine and red fir mixed 
with copses of oak. The timber is all of poor quality. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S. , R. 2 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 540 

Nonforested area (mostly rocky breaks naturally nonforested) 12, 500 

Badly burned area 1, 200 

Logged area - Culled throughout. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
7, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 


Red fir 


Total 








6, 000, 000 


10, 000, 000 


. 





Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ii:ith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 62 

Red fir 35 

Oak, etc 3 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



445 



Township 39 South, Range 3 East. 

This township covers the areas at the junction of the Siskiyou and 
the Cascade ranges, and consists of rocky flats and ridges forming the 
upper drainage basin of Jenny Creek. 

The forest contains a large quantity of red fir, small in growth and 
badly damaged by the numerous fires which have overrun the town- 
ship in recent times. The yellow pine is short bodied, as is the usual 
condition on the rocky areas of this region. 

Where fires have burned all the timber, brush growths are the rule. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 140 

Nonforested area, ( 2,000 burned clean of timber) 3, 900 

Badly burned area 3, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
51.3 
10.2 
38.5 


Feel B. ^f. 
40, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 
30, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
65, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
55, 000, 000 

6, 300, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 








78, 000, 000 


136, 300, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 39 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 60 

Sugar pine 3 

Red fir 32 

White fir , 5 

Township 39 South, Range 4 East. 

This township comprises most of the eastern areas of the Jenny 
Creek watershed and consists, in its eastern portion, of a level or 
gently rolling plateau region; in its western sections of hilly and 
broken ground. Its central areas contain Johnson Prairie, a large 
glade with man}- small ramifications. Fires have riui throughout the 
entire extent of the township. The northern areas are very badly 
burned, extensive tracts being completely covered with brush growth 
as a result. The central and southern portions cany a heav}' forest of 
yellow pine, excellent in quality and easy of access. The red fir is 
inferior in growth and quality, due to the many fires in the region. 



446 FOREST RESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S. , R. 4 F., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 040 

Nonforested area (glades and meadows, 2,000; burned 3,000) 5, 000 

Badly burned area 5, 600 

Logged area None. 

Tolat stand of limber in T. 39 S., R. 4 F., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total . . . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
57.5 
14.3 

25.8 
1.2 
1.2 



Feel B. M. 

100, 000, 000 

25, 000, 000 

45, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



174, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

122, 000, 000 

31,000,000 

80, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

2, 850, 000 



239, 850, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with based 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine . . 
Red fir 



Per cent. 
.... 50 



40 



White fir 

Incense cedar . 



Township 39 South, Range 5 East. 

This township consists of a plateau region which forms portions of 
the summit of the main range of the Cascades in this region. 

The northwestern areas are chiefly meadow lands, glades belonging 
to the Johnson Prairie tracts. The balance of the township carries a 
tolerably compact body of excellent yellow pine, largely composed of 
standards. 

Fires have run everywhere in the forest stands, suppressing the 
young growth, burning great quantities of the iirs, and tilling the for- 
est with a great many small brushed-over tracts in place of the con- 
sumed timber. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 140 

Nonforested area ( meadows and glades ) 1 , 900 

Badly burned area 6, 000 

Logged area None. 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total Mand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 



447 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. ' 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
61.5 
10.6 
25 

1.5 
. 7 
. 7 


Feet B. M. 

160, 000, 000 

28, 000, 000 

65,000,000 

3, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

188,000,000 

28, 000, 000 

95, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 


Incense cedar 


Total 




260, 000, 000 


328, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species tmth basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

^r 11 . Percent. 

Yellow pnie ,,^ 

Lodgepole pine -■ 

White fir 

Incense cedar 

Sugar pine 

Red fir '!"'"!! 

Noble fir 



2.9 
.1 
4 
30 



Township 39 South, Range 6 East. 

This township in part consists of areas along the summit of the Cas- 
cades, and has not elevation sufficient to produce a true subalpine for- 
est. In part it consists of slopes on the eastern side of the range 
draining into Spencer Creek. 

The forest has been severelj^ burned in places, followed by the 
inevitable brush growths. The western areas and the slopes^ near 
Spencer Creek bear good stands of mill timber. 



Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Forested area 



Acres. 
18, 840 



Nonforested area ( burned, 2,000; glades and meadows, 2,200) ! 4, 200 

Badly liurned area c' ,qq 

Logged area t.-' 

'"' JS one. 



4-48 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total dand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red lir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total... 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
32.6 

9.8 
53.7 

3.9 



Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
82, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



153, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

60, 000, 000 

15,000,000 

105, 000, 000 

15,000,000 

800, 000 



195,800,000 



Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species iviih basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 31 

Sugar pine 7 

Red fir 50 

White fir 10 

Incense cedar 1 

Lodgepole pine 1 

Township 39 South, Range 7 East. 

This township is situated on the eastern slope of the main range of 
the Cascades. Its western areas contain stands of forest of medium 
density and quality; its southern areas have thin growths of forest, 
largely western juniper;^ its eastern areas adjoin the nonforested semi- 
arid tracts west of Upper Klamath Lake and carry scattered stands of 
forest of small commercial value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 040 

Nonforested area ( naturally nonforested) 5, 000 

Badly burned'area 1 , 850 

Logged area (culled 35 per cent) 2, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 

Total 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

76.4 

5.4 

18.2 



Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



55, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
70, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 
900, 000 



95, 900, 000 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANG?: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



449 



Compo..H}an of forest in T. S9 S., R. 7 K, Oregon, including trees of all species imth basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Per cent. 



Yellow ])iiie -„ 

Sujjar i)iii(' ' " „ 

Red (ir 



White fir 

Incense cedar . 



13 



.2 



Western juniper „ ,, 

Township 39 South, Range 8 East. 

The western sections of the township consist of low lava hills sparsely 
tim]xn-ed, inclosing marshy or sagebrush-covered flats. The eastern 
areas comprise sagebrush -covered, nonforested semiarid flats and low 
hills. The forest is of poor quality owing to proximity of arid climatic 
conditions and to frequent fires. 



Acres. 
8,320 



Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Forested area 

Nonforested area (meadows and semiarid areas) 14 720 

Badly burned area ^ ^qq 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. S E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
10, 880, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

_. , , . P<-T cent. 

Y ellow pme qy 

Western juniper o 

Township 31) South, Range 9 East. 

This township is situated east of the Cascades and consists of marsh 
and sagebrush flats and hills. The area of the township is 23,040 acres 
and it contains no forested tracts. 

Township 39 South, Range 10 East. 

This township was estimated from information and was not personally 
examined. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 

Forested area ^ ^^q 

Nonforested area -^^ 5qq 

21 GEOL, pt 5 29 



450 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 




Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 





Township 39 South, Range Hi East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. llh E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area "> 680 

Nonforested area - - - 15, 360 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. llh. E., Oregon. 



Specie.s. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Fed B. M. 
16, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
22, 500, 000 





Township 39 South, Range 11 East. 

This township was not personall}^ examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested ami other areas in T. 39 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 15, -440 

Nonforested area 7, 600 

Tntdl ataivl of timber iii T. 39 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow i)ine 
White fir 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
55, 000, 000 



55, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

85, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 



90, 000, 000 



Township 39 South, Range 12 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 

information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 ,S., R. 1£ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area "> 640 

Nonforested area 15, 400 



LEiBEKo] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 12 E., (Jreyon. 



451 



Species. 


l^oc-al prai'tice. 


Michigan stand- ' 
ard. 


Yellow pine 

"White fir 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
30, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

42, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Total - 








30, 000, 000 


46, 000, 000 







TowNSHir 39 South. Range 13 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in. T. 39 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 4, 440 

Nonforested area 18, 600 

Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Michigan pra(!- 
tice. 



Per cent. I Feet B. ^f. Feet B. .»/. 

100 I 16,000,000 j 22,000,000 



Township 39 South, Range l-t East, 

This township was not personally examined, but was estiniated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 040 

Nonforested area 15, 000 

Total stand of limber in T. 39 S., R. U E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Ferl B. M. 
8, 000, 000 



Township 40 South, Range 2 West. 

The northern areas of this township consist of low broken spurs 
and ridges; the southern comprise high steep slopes, all of which 
are formed b}" northward projecting ridges from the Siskiyou Moun- 
tains; the whole constituting the different divides between the various 
Applegate forks. 



452 FOREST RESERVES. 

The forest in the southern areas consists mostly of no]>le tir at the 
higher elevations; at lower levels it changes to a growth in which red 
fir forms 60 percent of the stand. The southern tracts of the town- 
ship have been burned clean to the extent of 30 per cent in recent 
times, and are now reforesting with a nearly pure growth of red fir. 
The northern portions carry stands of yellow pine, much culled and 
extensively mixed with oak copses and madrona of large growth. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., A'. ^^ TT. , Ore/jon. 

Ac-res. 

Forested area - 19, 240 

Nonforested area (rocks and glades) - 3, 800 

Badly burned area •!, 300 

Logged area (culled 65 per cent) 1, 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 2 Tl'., Oree/on. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Yellow pine . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

Noble fir 

Incense cedar 

Total . . 



Per cent. 

56. 
6.6 

29.3 
6.6 
1.4 



Feet B. M. 

42, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
1,000,000 



Feel B. M. 
60, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



75, 000, 000 



119, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species loith basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 40. 

Sugar pine 2. 

Red fir - 45. 

Noble fir 3. 

Incense cedar 5 

Madrona - 1^9 5 

Oak - 



Township -iO South, Range 1 West. 

This township consists of high slopes and summits of the Siskiyou 
Range. The highest slopes are largely nonforested, either bare, rocky 
expanses or grassy glades predominating. The lower elevations bear 
moderately heavy stands of fair quality. The forest is seared by fire 
in all of its parts, and is generally difficult of access. 

A portion of the township forms part of the Ashland Forest Reserve. 



LBiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 453 

Forested and olJier arean in T. 40 S., R. 1 W., Orecjon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 17, 040 

Nonforested area (Ware, rueky Hiiiiiinits, etc., 4,200; hiirued elean, 2,800) (!, 000 

Badly burned area 6, 200 

None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 1 IT., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 

Wliite pine 


Per cent. 
28.5 
11.4 


Feel B. M. 
20, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 


Feel B. M. 
26, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

1,000,000 
55, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Ked fir 


40 


28, 000, 000 


White fir 


Noble fir 

Incense cedar 


17.2 
2.9 


12, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 


Total 




70, 000, 000 


110,000,000 







Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 20 

Sugar pine 3 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 50 

White fir 3 

Noble fir 12 

Incense cedar 3 

Oak, madrona 9 

Township 40 South, Range 1 East. 

This township consists chiefly of high rocky combs and ridges 
culminating in Siskiyou Peak. It forms the larger portion of the 
Ashland Forest Reserve. Along the higher slopes the forest occurs 
in scattered stands, largel}^ composed of noble fir. The lower areas 
bear good stands of yellow and sugar pine. The red fir is mostly of 
small growth. Fires have run throughout the forest in the township. 
The summit of the ridge near Siskiyou Peak has been burned to the 
extent of 75 per cent within the last two or three years. Although a 
forest reserve for the purpose of supplying the town of Ashland with 
pure water, sheep are permitted to graze on the high slopes, defiling 
the water. 



454 



FOREST RESERVES. 



Forcslid It ml other (/rcaK in T. 40 S., R. 1 E., Orrgnn. 

Acres. 

Forested area 18, 540 

Nonforested area (glades, eti-., 4,000; hurried clean, 500 j 4, 500 

Badly burned area 2, 200 

Logged area - - - 500 

7ot((l stdiid iifiimhcr in T. 40 S., R. 1 E., Ori'i/on. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
21.8 
12.6 
26 
36.4 


Feet B. M. 
21,000,000 
12, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 
35, 000, 000 


Feet B. .V. 
36, 000, 000 
16, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


Noble fir 


White fir 


Incense cedar. 


3.2 


3, 000, 000 


4. 000. 000 


Total 






96, 000, 000 


164,000,000 







Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all hpecies v:ith hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 23 

Sugar pine 10 

White pine- Scattered trees. 

White-bark pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 30 

White fir 5 

Noble fir 30 

Incense cedar 2 

Oak, madrona 5 

Township 40 South, Range 2 East. 

This township is situated on the northern slopes of the Siskiyou 
Mountains and consists of rocky, broken hills rising in the east and 
south to join the main range. 

Fires have run through the forest in recent times, burning 30 per 
cent of the timber and badly searing the remainder. The stands are 
light and scattered among bare, rocky flats and glades and dense 
brush growths. 

The larger portion of the timber consists of small-growth red tir of 
little commercial value. 



Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 13, 540 

Nonforested area (burned, 3,000) 6, 500 

Badly burned area 6, 300 

Logged area (culled 15 per cent) 1, 200 



LEiBEBG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESEEVES. 

. Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



455 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine . . 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir . . . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
20.8 
4.2 
75 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

18, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
15, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 



24, 000, 000 



68, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all specific irifh 
basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 25 

Sugar pine 2 

Red fir 58 

White fir 4 

Noble fir 6 

Incense cedar 1 

Oak, madrona 6. 7 

Township 40 South, Range 3 East. 

This township consists of ridges and canyons projecting eastward 
from the Siskiyou Mountains, and forms portion of the Jenny Creek 
drainage basin. 

It is a very broken region, with the forest mostly burned up long 
ago and in its place dense brush growths or here and there grassed- 
over slopes. 

The mill timber is of small growth and of little value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 

, Acres. 

Forested area 12, 040 

Nonforested area (fire glades 5,200) 11 , 000 

Badly burned area 8, 200 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 

22. 2 

4.4 

73.4 


JF^et B. M. 
10, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 
33, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
16, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

51,200,000 

400, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


Incense cedar 


Total 








45, 000, 000 


69, 600, 000 







45G FOREST EESERVES. 

Coniposllion, offorext in T. 40 'S'., li. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all xpecies icith basal 

diameters of 4 indies and> upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 25 

Sugar pine 1 

White fir 1 

Red fir - 70 

Incense cedar 1 

Oak 4. 7 

Township 40 South, Range 4 East. 

The eastern areas of this township consist of portions of the large 
lava plateau which flanks the main summit of the Cascade Range north 
of the Klamath River. The western portions of the township com- 
prise broken, unevenly forested ridges draining into Jenny Creek. 

The mill timber in the eastern sections forms heavy stands, is excel- 
lent in quality, and easy of access. Fires have marked the entire 
forest stand in the township, and have mostly suppressed the j^oung 
growth; hence the forest is of an open character, with but little 
undergrowth. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 19, 740 

Nonforested area (naturally nonforested) 3, 300 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total... 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

56.5 

14.2 

28.3 

.9 



Feet B. M. 

120, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 

60, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



212, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
132,000,000 
35, 000, 000 
70, 000, 000 
10,000,000 
1, 000, 000 



248, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upiuard. 



Per cent. 
.... 60 



Yellow pine 

Sugar pine 8 

Red fir 30 

White fir 1 

Oak, incense cedar 1 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



457 



Township 40 South, Range 5 East. 

This township consists of a genth' rolling lava plateau, a few low 
ridges here and there flanking and including portions of the main 
summit of the Cascade Range north of the Klamath River Canyon. 

It bears a forest of noble proportions, ideally situated for lumbering 
operations. The most valuable components of the forest here are 
yellow and sugar pine. The growth of these two species is symmet- 
rical and large, the sugar pine reaching basal diameters of 9 feet, and 
the yellow pine of 5 to 6 feet, with clear trunks 30 to 65 feet in length. 

Fires have run through this stand of timber very many times, and 
there are not many trees not fire seared. The greatest damage has 
been done to the firs, both red and white, which therefore are largely 
defective and are not much cut for lumber. The young growth has 
also been destroyed, and reproduction is therefore defective. 

The Pokegama Lumber Company operates here, sending the logs to 
their mills at Klamathon, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, by way of 
the Klamath River. They cut pine exclusively, and cut all pine clean 
as they go, leaving great accumulations of debris behind them for 
future fires. They take all trees far into the crown, trimming off the 
limbs and making the last cut on a basis of 7 to 8 inches in diameter at 
the small end. In consequence they realize about 40 per cent higher 
yield than the customary cruisers' estimates provide for. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Forested area 20 440 

Nonforested area 2 600 

Logged area {^^ 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., K. 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 

Sugar pine. 

Red fir 


Per cent. 
50 
17.7 
30 


Feet B. M. 

150, 000, 000 

53, 000, 000 

90, 000, 000 

5 000 000 


Feet B. M. 

170,000,000 

60,000,000 

100,000,000 

1 "7 nAA AAA 


White fir 


1.7 
.6 


Incense cedar 


2, 000, 000 I 3, 620, 000 




Total 




300 000 000 '^"^^ «'>o rif\f\ 









Total stand of timber as per actual cutting practice, 600,000,000 feet B. M. 



458 FOREST RESERVES. 

Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icitli basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pint^ 50 

Sugar pine 15 

Eed fir 30 

White fir 4. 5 

Incense cedar. 5 

Township 40 South, Range 6 East. 

The western and central areas of this township consist of a con- 
tinuation of the lava plateau referred to under T. -il S., R. 5 E., and 
the forest is of similar character. The canyon of the Klamath River 
cuts the eastern portion of the township in two. It is a rocky and 
precipitous gorge, the slopes and bottom timbered with scattered trees 
and the forest along the north bluff badly burned. 

East of the river we have heavy stands of yellow pine, logged in 
places by small local concerns. 

Forested and other ureas in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 240 

Nonforested area (glades) 1 , 800 

Badly burned area 2, 200 

Logged area 1, 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



YelloYv'' pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

63.7 

15.4 

19.3 

1.6 



Feet B. M. 

165, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 

50, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 



Total 1 259, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



FeetB. M. 

190, 000, 000 

45, 000, 000 

75, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 

1,000,000 



320, 000, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 '^inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 60 

Sugar pine 15 

Red fir 22 

White fir - i 

Incense cedar j 



LEIBEKG.] 



CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 



459 



Township 40 South, Range 7 East. 

The western areas of the township consist of plateau tracts; the 
eastern comprise rocky and craggy declivities sloping toward Lower 
Klamath Lake. 

The western portions of the township contain stands of yellow pine 
of excellent quality and easy of access. The growth is much mixed 
with a great quantity of red tir of dimensions unfit for mill timber; 
and is intersected in all directions by narrow, nonforested, rocky or 
grassy glades. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 21, 740 

Nonforested area (glades and clearings) 1, 300 

Badly burned area 2, 400 

Logged area 1, 500 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 
Sugar pine . 
Red fir 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

77.7 

3.4 

18.9 



Feet B. M. 
140, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 
34, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



180, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
175, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
65, 000, 000 



248, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ha.^<d 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 40 

Sugar pine 5 

Red fir 55 

Incense cedar Scattered trees. 

Township 40 South, Range 8 East. 

The eastern areas of this township consist of marsh and tule lands 
bordering Lower Klamath Lake. The western portions comprise rock}- 
slopes carrying stands of yellow pine, mostly of inferior quality. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S. , R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 6, 140 

Nonforested area (rocky glades, marsh, and agricultural land) 16, 900 

Badly burned area 1, 000 

Logged area !> 600 



460 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 

Red fir 

White fir . . . 



Total. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
87 
13 



Fed B. M. 

20, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 



23, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 

40, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 

3, 980, 000 



52, 980, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, indnding trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 85 

Red fir 10 

White fir, etc 5 

Township 40 South, Range 9 East. 

The township consists of marsh lands, and in the eastern areas of 
sagebrush-covered tracts which bear, liere and there, scattered trees 
of western juniper. The area of the township is 23,040 acres, none of 
which are forested. 

Township 40 South, Range 10 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 7, 040 

Nonforested area 16, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
30, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 





Township 40 South, Range 11 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 5, 040 

Nonforested area 18, 000 



LEiBEKG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 461 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cait. Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 





ToAVNSHip 40 South, Range 12 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., H. 12 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area n 040 

Nonforested r.rea 12 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., B. 12 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
36, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 





Township 40 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., B. 13 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 10 240 

Nonforested area 12 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Percent. 

95.2 

4.8 


Feet B. M. 

40, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feel B. M. 
50, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 


Redfir 


White fir 


Incense cedar 


! 






Total 




42, 000, 000 


62, 000, 000 


- 



462 



FOREST EESERVES. 



Township 4-0 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 3, 240 

Nonforested area 19, 800 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Percent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
15, 000, 000 





Township 40 South, Range 14i East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 14i E., Oregon. 



Forested . 



Area. 
13, 040 



Nonforested 10, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 14\ E., Oregon. 



1 Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Feet B. M. 
39, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
45, 000, 000 





Fractional Township 41 South, Range 2 West. 

This fractional township comprises a portion of the summit of the 
Siskiyou Range near Sterling Peak, and the southern slopes there- 
from. It includes a large amount of bare rockj^ summits and slopes 
naturally deforested. 

The timber along the higher slopes is mostly composed of noble fir 
of large dimensions and often of verj^ close stand. It is mixed with 
small percentages of white pine and red fir. The lower slopes cany 
yellow and sugar pine of medium quality. The larger proportion of 
the timber in the township is very difiicult of access, and fire has 
marked it all. 



LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 2 IF., Oregon. 



463 



Forested area 7, 200 

Nonforested area (rocks and glades) 3, 000 

Badly burned area 2, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

White pine . . . 

Red fir 

White fir 

Noble fir 

Incense cedar. 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
22.5 



19.2 



Feet B. M. 

14, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



12, 000, 000 



48.1 
2.1 



30, 000, 000 
1, 300, 000 



Total. 



62, 300, 000 



Feet B. M. 
16, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

.S, 000, 000 
22, 000, 000 

1,600,000 
40, 000, 000 

1,500,000 



89, 100, 000 



Composition afforest in T. 41 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 20 

Sugar pine 5 

White pine 3 

Red fir 25 

White fir 5 

Noble fir 40 

Incense cedar ^ 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 1 West. 

This fractional township comprises spurs and canyons projecting 
southward from the Siskiyou Range. 

Along the higher slopes the region is rocky and in part covered with 
light brush growth, in part with thin stands of forest. 

The lower and intermediate slopes cany stands of good timber, the 
yellow pine and the sugar pine largely composed of veterans in good 
pre.servation. Fires have run throughout the township. 



Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 9, 000 

Nonforested area ( rocky summits, glades, etc.) 1 , 200 

Badly burned area 1) 000 

Logged area None. 



464 



FOEEST RESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
65.7 
13.1 
19.9 


Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

60, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

28, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

1, 700, 000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Noble fir 






Incense cedar 


1.3 


1, 000, 000 


Total 




76, 000, 000 


109, 700, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diamaters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 52 

Sugar pine 10 

White pine Scattered trees. 

Red fir 28 

White fir 1 

Noble fir 5 

Incense cedar 5 

Oak 3. 5 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 1 East. 

This fractional township consists of spurs and canyons projecting 
southward from the Siski^^ou Range. 

Tlie forest along the lower slopes is of excellent quality and propor- 
tion, and is remarkable for the large percentage of incense cedar of 
large growth which it contains. 

The upper slopes have been badly overrun by fires in recent times, 
and are thinly covered with forest in the midst of dense brush growths. 

Forested, and other areas in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area , 9, 900 

Nonforested area 300 

Badly burned area 1, 500 

Logged area (culled 80 per cent) 1, 200 



LEIBERG.J 



CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESEKVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon. 



465 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total . . . 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 

44 

30 

6 

6 

14 



Feet B. M. 
22, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
7, 000, 000 



50, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 

4, 240, 000 
10, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 



77, 240, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon, including frres of all xperie.'^ v:lth hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

PtT cent. 

Yellow pine 65 

Sugar pine 14 

Red fir 5 

White fir 10 

Incense cedar 3 

Oak 3 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 2 East. 

The central and southern portions of this township are situated on 
the summit and southern slopes of the Siskiyou Range. The township 
is very thinly forested, consisting largely of grassy or brushy semiarid 
slopes. The northern portion of the township contains scattered 
stands of timber much damaged by tires and of little commercial value. 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 >^-, R. ~ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 8, 200 

Nonforested area (rocks, seiniarid tracts, etc. ) 2, 000 

Badly l^urned area 4, 000 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellowpine 


Per cent. 
20 
40 
40 


Feet B. .V. 

1, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
4, 600, 000 
1,000,000 


Sugar pine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Total 








5, 000, 000 


10, 600, 000 







21 GEOL, PT 5- 



30 



466 FOREST RESERVES. 

Compoxition of fared in T. 41 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species milli basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upivard. 

Per Pent. 

Yellow pine 30 

Sugar pine 2 

Red fir 55 

White fir 10 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 3 East. 

This township consists of steep hills very sparsely forested, but cov- 
ered with dense brush growths as the result of fires. Most of the 
timber was burned in recent times. There is no reforestation. The 
mill timber, scattered among the brush heaps, is of poor quality and 
practically inaccessible. 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 >S. , R. 3 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 7, 000 

Nonforested area (due to fires, 2,000) 3, 200 

Badly burned area 4, 200 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 'S'., R. 3 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


. Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
66.6 
33.4 


Feet B. M. 
2, 000, 000 
1,000,000 


Feet B. M. 
6, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 


Red fir 


Total 




3, 000, 000 


10, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 41 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine . 
Red fir 



Per cent. 

60 

35 



Sugar pine 

incense cedar . 
Oak 



Fractional Township 41 South, Range 4 East. 

The greater portion of this township consists of steep ridges border- 
ing Jenny Creek, with a plateau-like tract in the northeastern area. 

The southern areas of the township are timbered with light, open 
stands interspersed with many oak copses. The northern portions 
bear a forest of moderate density, easy of access, with stands of timber 
of good quality and body. 



LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 467 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 7, 800 

Nonforested area (glades, meadows, rocks) 2, 400 

Badly burned area 800 

Logged area None. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine . . 

Sugar pine 

Red fir 

White fir 

Incense cedar. 

Total... 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
66 



24 



Feet B. M. 
33, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 



1, 000, 000 



50, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
42, 000, 000 

4, 800, 000 

17,800,000 

400, 000 

2, 000, 000 



67, 000, 000 



J 



Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 
diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 50 

Sugar pine 5 

Red fir 30 

Incense cedar 2 

White fir i 

Western juniper / 

Oak 



12 



Fractional Township 41 South, Range 5 East. 



This township consists of portion of the large lava plateau lying 
immediately north of the Klamath River and stretching northerly 
toward the volcanic areas south of Mount Pitt. 

The region is well timbered with a massive, though open, forest. 
The pine is of excellent quality, long bodied, and composed mostly 
of large standards. Undergrowth is scanty and young growth is defi- 
cient, owing to frequentl}'^ repeated fires. The Pokegama Lumber 
Company has here extensive logging camps. 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 S. , R. 5 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 10, 200 

Logged area (culled 80 per cent) 2, 000 



468 



FOKEST BESERVES. 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 ^'-j H- 5 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
51.2 
16.6 
32.2 


Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 
13, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
50, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
30, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 
1,000,000 


Sugar jiine 


Red fir 


White fir 


Incense cedar 






Total 








78, 000, 000 


100, 000, 000 







CompoHition of forest in T. 41 S. , R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with baml 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 50 

Sugar pine 10 

Red fir 36 

White fir 

Incense cedar 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 6 East. 

The northern and western areas of the township consist chiefly of 
rocky and precipitous bluffs inclosing- Klamath River Canyon. The 
eastern sections comprise portions of a plateau-like tract bordering the 
canyon on the south. 

The bottom of the canyon is sparsely timbered, as are the slopes 
leading down into it. The plateau portion carries a heavy forest stand, 
which is broken by numerous small nonforested glades. The principal 
mill timber is yellow pine which is here of excellent quality and size. 
The red fir is mostly of small growth. Fire has marked the timber 
throughout the township. 



Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Acres. 



Forested area 9, 000 

Nonforested area (rocky bluffs, glades, meadows) 1, 200 

Logged area 1, 200 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
87 
13 


Feet B. M. 

50, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 
58, 000, 000 
29, 500, 000 


Red fir 


Total 




58, 000, 000 


87, 500, 000 







LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



469 



Cotiipot^itidii of forest in T. 41 'S'., R- 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species nilh 
linsal diameters if 4 inches and upward. 



Yellow pine 
Red lir 



Per cent. 

45 

o5 



Fractional Township -tl South, Ranoe T East. 

This township comprises slopes of the divide which separates in 
part the waters of the Klamath River and those of Lower Klamath 
Lake. It is generally a steep and rock}' region. 

The yellow pine on the lower slopes is of good quality. Along the 
higher elevations it is largely replaced with red fir of small growth. 
The forest is fire seared throughout. 

Forested and otlier areas in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area !\ 200 

Noniorested area (bare rocks and glades) 1 , (X)0 

Badly burned area 1 , .SOO 

Logged area None. 

Toted stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Local practice. 



Yellow pine 
Red fir 



Per cent. 



11.4 



Total. 



Feet B. M. 

62, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 



70, 000, 000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. .V. 
78, 000, 000 
17,000,000 



95, 000, 000 



Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

I'er cent. 

Yellow pine 75 

Red fir 25 



Fractional Township 41 South, Range 8 East. 

The eastern areas of the township consist of marsh}^ tracts along 
Lower Klamath Lake. The western portions comprise rocky slopes 
forested with thin stands of 3'ellow pine of inferior qualit3\ 

Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 2, 800 

Nonforested area (marsh) S, 320 

Badly burned area 600 

Logged area None. 



470 



FOREST RESERVES. 

Total daud of timber in T. 4I S., R. 8 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 
100 


Fitt B. M. 
6, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

12,000,000 

2, 000, 000 


Red fir 


Total 








6, 000, 000 


14, 000, 000 







Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith hasal 

diameters of 4 inches and upward. 

Per cent. 

Yellow pine 98 

Red fir 2 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 9 East. 

This township is situated in Lower Klamath Lake and comprises 
marsh and lake areas. Its area is 11,520 acres, none of which is 
forested. 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 10 East. 

The area of this township is 11,520 acres, none of which is forested. 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 11 East. 

This township was not personall}'^ examined, but was estimated from 
information. 

Forested and otJier areas in T. 41 'S'., R. 11 E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 800 

Nonforested area 10, 720 

Total stand of timber in T. 4I S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
4, 500, 000 







Fractional Township 41 South, Range 12 East. 

There are no forest areas in this township. The area of the town- 
ship is 11,520 acres. 

Fractional Township 41 South, Range 13 East. 

This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from 
information. 



i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



471 



Fori'sti'd (Old other (trcdx in T. 41 ''^•, A'- i-? i^'-, Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area , 8, 520 

Nonforeytt'd area 3, 000 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 '"<., R- 13 E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow jtiiie 


Per cent. 
87.5 
12.5 


FeetB.M. 

28, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

34, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
1, 000, 000 


Red fir 


White pine 


Incense cedar 






Total 








32, 000, 000 


45, 000, 000 







Fractional Township 41 South, Range 14 East. 

This township was not examined personal!}', but was estimated from 
information. 

Acres. 
Forested area 11, 520 

Total stand of timber in T. 41 'S'., R. 14 E., Oregon. 



Species. 



Yellow pine 



Local practice. 



Per cent. 
100 



Feet B. M. 
45,000,000 



Michigan prac- 
tice. 



Feet B. M. 
55, 000, 000 



Fractional Township 41 South, Range 14^ East. 

The forest in this township consists chiefly of scattered stands of 
western juniper. The township was not Dersonally examined, but 
was estimated from information. 

Forested and other area.i in T. 41 S., R. 14\ E., Oregon. 

Acres. 

Forested area 3, 500 

Nonforested areas 8, 020 

Total sla7id of limber in T. 41 S., R. 14h E., Oregon. 



Species. 


Local practice. 


Michigan prac- 
tice. 


Yellow pine 


Per cent. 


Feet B. M. 


Feel B. M. 

3, 000, 000 : 









472 FOREST RESERVES. 

ASHLAXD FOREST RESERVE, OREGON. 

BOUNDARIES. 

Beginning at the northeast corner of section twenty-seven (27) , township thirty- 
nine (39) south, range one (1) east, Willamette meridian; thence westerly along the 
surveyed and unsurveyed section line to the northwest corner of section twenty-tive 
(25) , township thirty -nine (39) south, range' one (1) west; thence southerly along 
the section line to the southwest corner of section thirty-six (36) , said township and 
range; thence westerly along the ninth (9th) standard parallel south to the north- 
west corner of section one (1), township forty (40) south, range one (1) west; 
thence southerly along the section line to the southwest corner of section thirteen 
(13), said township and range; thence easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed 
section line to the point for the southeast corner of section fourteen (14) , township 
forty (40) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsur- 
veyed section line to the northeast corner of section thirty-five (35) , township thirty- 
nine (39) south, range one (1) east; thence westerly to the northwest corner of said 
section thirty -five (35) ; thence northerly to the northeast corner of section twenty- 
seven (27) , said township and range, the place of beginning. 

DESCRIPTION OF RESERVE. 

This reserve is carved out of T. 39 S., Rs. 1 W. and 1 E., and T. 40 
S., Rs. 1 W. and 1 E. It contains between 22,000 and 23,000 acres, 
hence does not quite cover the area of one township. The object of 
this reserve is to maintain the stability of the water heads and to pre- 
serve the volume and purity of Ashland Creek, which furnishes the 
water supply to the town of Ashland, Oregon. 

The reserve consists of Siskiyou Peak, or Ashland Butte, as the 
mountain is locally called, and spurs radiating from it. The peak is 
an elevation rising from the crest of the Siskiyou Range, and attains 
a height of nearly 8,000 feet above sea level. The actual peak rises 
about 800 feet above the general crest line of the range in this locality. 
The eastern and western slopes of the peak have an easy descent and 
blend gradually with the crest line. The southern declivities slope 
sharply toward the Klamath Valley. The northern slopes break 
away in precipitous escarpments to form the head of the Ashland 
Creek Basin. Long spurs stretch away from the peak toward the 
north. The spurs on the south side are short. One of the northern 
spurs, on which is situated Mount Wagner, maintains an altitude for 
the first 3 miles but slightly below that of the main Siskiyou Range. 
The others drop off in elevation very soon after leaving the vicinity 
of the peak. 

A large amount of water flows out of the reserve. Most of it 
flows into Rogue River through Applegate, Wagner, and Ashland 
creeks. Another and smaller portion finds its way into Klamath 
River through various small creeks on the southern slope of the peak. 
Ashland Creek heads directly on the northern slopes of Siskiyou Peak. 
Snow lies at its head throughout the year. It empties into Bear 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 473 

Creek one-half mile east of the town of Ashland. In addition to 
supph'ing water to this town, it furnishes irrigation for a number of 
fruit ranches, supplies motive power to one sawmill and one electric- 
light plant located above the town, one gristmill, one woollen mill, 
and a 5-stamp quartz mill located in the city, besides water for a 
cyanide reduction plant. It serves also in part as the town sewer. 
All in all, the stream is very important to the town. 

The reserve contains no proper agricultural lands; the summits of 
the low spurs in the eastern areas might possibly be utilized for 
orchard purposes if cleared. Most if not the entire area is gold bear- 
ing. Quartz ledges occur in many places on the slopes of Siskiyou 
Peak and placer deposits exist, in all probabilit}^, near the head of the 
creeks. No mining is carried on inside the reserve area. The summit 
and slopes of Siskiyou Peak and the high northern Mount Wagner spur 
are grassy in many places. Sheep range here, or did the year before 
last. True, most of their runs had been on the slopes shedding water 
into Applegate Creek and Klamath River, but some had left their 
marks on the Ashland side. If the purity and stability of the water 
volume in Ashland Creek is worthy of consideration, the prohibition 
of sheep grazing within the reserve area should be absolute. A band 
of sheep confined to such a limited tract as the grazing area in Ashland 
Reserve soon makes the ground reek with most pestiferous exhala- 
tions,which can not but find their way into the running water. 

The forest consists of stands of alpine-hemlock, red-fir, and yellow- 
pine types. The alpine-hemlock type occurs on the summit of the 
peak, and is composed almost wholly of noble fir. The others have 
the ordinary composition of their respective types elsewhere. 

Fires have marked most of the forest, but have not burned in the 
reserve within the last ten or twelve years to anj^ great extent, except 
on the summit of the range, at the base of the peak, where the timber 
on 300 or 400 acres has been almost totally destroyed. 

The mill timber in the reserve is of good quality, except in the east- 
ern portion, where fires, years ago, badl}^ seared the most of it. It is 
generall}^ difiicult of access for logging operations. But whether easy 
or difficult of access, it is obvious that the maintenance of the Ashland 
Creek water volume is prohibitive to lumbering operations in the 
reserve. 

The areal and timber estimates are as follows: 

Forested and other areas in Ashland Forest Reserve, Oregon. 

Acres. 

Area forested 20, 000 

■ Area naturally nonforested !> 700 

Area deforested bv fires of modern date 300 



474 FOREST RESERVES. 

Total dand of inill tiinhcr in Asliland ForeM Reserve, Oregon. 

Feet B. M. 

YelK.w pine 30, 000, 000 

Sugar pine 12, 000, 000 

Red fir 100, 000, 000 

White fir '6, 000, 000 

Noble fir 50,000,000 

Incenne cedar 2,000,000 

200, 000, 000 

SUMMARY OF AREAL AND TIMBER ESTIMATES. 

SUMMARY OF CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE, OREGON. 

Area examined in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. 

Acres. 

Area nonforested 210, 780 

Area forested 627, 620 

Total 838,400 

Area badly burned - 305, 120 

Total stand of mill timber in Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine - 625,903,800 

Sugar pine 84, 617, 300 

White pine 100,370,500 

Red fir --. 1,952,338,600 

White fir 567,553,600 

Noble fir - 692,324,400 

Incen>se cedar 7, 393, 600 

Alpine hemlock 590,699,800 

Western hemlock 20, 938, 200 

Engelmann spruce - 68, 969, 400 

Total 4,711,109,200 

Average stand of mill timber per forested acre, 7, 506. 

Areas classed as '"badly burned'' consist of tracts on which the 
forest has been burned from 75 per cent and upward by lires whose 
origin lie within the time of the white man's occupancy of the region. 
Seventy per cent of the areas thus devastated by fire are covered with 
brush growths or, to a lesser extent, with low-growing mountain 
sedges, the "grass" of the sheep ranges, of low nutritive value. The 
latter tracts are slowly reforesting; the former are not. The tracts 
marked by fires during the past forty or forty-five years comprise in 
the aggregate 820,000 acres. 

Nonforested tracts include areas naturally nonforested and such as 
have been deforested by fire. Forested areas include veteran, stand- 
ard, and young growth stands, together with reforestations advanced 
to sapling stage and thinly wooded subalpine areas. 



LEIBERG.] 



CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 



471 



Areal and Umber estimates of the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. 



28 S.. 
28 S.. 

28 S.. 

29 S.. 
29 S.. 

29 S.. 

30 S.. 
30 S.- 
30 S.. 
30 S.. 
30 S.. 
30 S.. 

30 S.. 

31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 

31 S.. 

32 S.. 
32 S.. 

32 S.. 

33 S.. 
33 S.. 

33 S.. 

34 S.. 
34 S.. 

34 S.. 

35 S.. 
35 S.. 

35 S.. 

36 S.. 
36 S.. 

36 S.. 

37 S.. 
37 S.. 
37 S.. 



R. 


Non- 
forested. 


Forested. 
Acres. 




Acres. 


5E.. 




23,040 
18, 000 


6E.. 


5,040 


6iF, 




16, 000 


3F, 




23, 040 
23, 040 
23, 040 
23, 040 
21,040 


4F, 




5p:.. 




IE.. 




2E.. 


2,000 


3E.. 


3,360 


19, 680 


4E.. 


3,300 


19, 740 


5E.. 


10, 180 


12, 860 


6E.. 


17, 960 


5,080 


6^E. 


2,000 


21,040 


IE.. 




23, 040 
23, 040 
10, 880 


2E.. 




3E.. 


12, 160 


4E.. 


8,320 


14, 720 


5E.. 


2,560 


20, 480 


6E.. 


1,600 


21,440 


4E.. 


13, 000 


10, 040 


5E.. 


11, 600 


11,440 


6E.. 


2,600 


20, 440 


4E.. 


9,900 


13,140 


5E.. 


6,500 


16,540 ! 


6E.. 


10, 100 


12,940 


4E.. 


7,700 


15, 340 


5E.. 


3,900 


19, 140 


6E.. 


9,600 


13, 440 


4E.. 


10, 800 


12, 240 


5E.. 


6,400 


16, 640 


6E.. 


6,300 


16, 740 


4E.. 


7,000 


16, 040 


5E.. 


10, 200 


12, 840 


6E.. 


7,200 


15, 840 


4E.. 


4,100 


18,940 


5E.. 


6,400 


16, 640 


6E.. 


9,000 


14, 040 



Badly 
burned. 



Acres. 
18,000 



000 
500 
000 
000 
000 
500 
500 
000 
300 
500 
500 
000 
000 
500 
000 
320 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
500 
000 
000 
500 
000 
000 
000 
000 
500 
000 
500 
500 
000 
000 



Yellow pine. 



Feet B. M. 



80, 000, 000 



59, 685, 000 

25, 654, 400 

9, 348, 000 

4, 309, 200 

1,300,000 



52, 000, 000 

16, 500, 000 

23, 467, 200 

8, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

200, 000 



Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 



7, 958, 000 
16, 896, 000 
11,686,000 

1,077,300 
700, 000 



White pine. 



Feet B. M. 
5, 000, 000 



4, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
9, 850, 000 
9, 000, 000 
1,000,000 



65, 000, 000 
1,000,000 



8, 000, 000 
6, 500, 000 



6, 500, 000 



3, 000, 000 



3, 379, 200 

4, 674, (too 
1,077,300 



1,000,000 
6, 000, (KX) 



5, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
1, 900, 000 
3, 000, 000 



2, 000, 000 



20, 000, 000 
69, 000, 000 



38, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

110,000,000 

940, 000 

2, 000, 000 

11,000,000 



2, 650, 000 
2, 000, 000 



8, 300, 000 



1,000,000 



1,540,000 



500, 000 

8, 500, 000 

12, 000, 000 

18, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

800, 000 



476 BX)REST KESERVES. 

,1/Y'// and limber estimates of tlie Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Orerjon — Continued. 



28 S.. 
28 S.. 

28 S.. 

29 S.. 
29 S.. 

29 S.. 

30 S.. 
30 S.. 
30 S-. 
30 S.. 
30 S.. 
30 S.. 

30 S.. 

31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 

31 S.. 

32 S.. 
32 S.- 

32 S.. 

33 S.. 
33 S.. 

33 S.. 

34 S.. 
34 S.. 

34 S.. 

35 S-. 
35 S.. 

35 S-. 

36 S.. 
36 S.. 

36 S.. 

37 S.. 
37 S.. 
37 S.. 



5E.. 
6E.. 
6^E. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
6JE. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 



Red fir. 



Feet B. M. 



40, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



250, 677, 000 
209, 889, 600 
140, 232, 000 
150, 822, 000 
5, 000, 000 



160, 000, 000 

205, 338, 000 

150, 000, 000 

4, 200, 000 

680, 000 



108, 000, 000 



1, 000, 000 
13, 000, 000 



8, 500, 000 
42, 000, 000 



20, 000, 000 
148, 000, 000 

36, 000, 000 

35, 000, 000 
180, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 



White fir. 



Feet B. M. 



Noble fir. 



Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 



10, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



7, 958, 000 

3, 379, 200 

23, 372, 000 

30, 164, 400 



3, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 



30, 000, 000 
12, 480, 000 



10, 000, 000 
2, 800, 000 



38, 000, 000 

2, 750, 000 

6, 450, 000 

30, 000, OOC 

27, 000, 000 

60, 700, 000 

20, 000, 000 

48, 500, 000 

120, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 



790, 000 
550, 400 
058, 000 
546, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
600, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
480, 000 



300, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 



000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 



Incense cedar. 



Feet B. M. 



1, 689, 600 
700, 000 



620, 000 
1, 684, 000 



600, 000 



2, 100, 000 



LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 477 

A real and timber estimate)! of the Cascade Range ForeM Reserve, Oregon — Continued. 



28 S. 
28 S. 

28 S. 

29 S. 
29 S. 

29 S. 

30 S. 
30 S. 
30 S. 
30 S. 
30 S.. 
30 S., 

30 S-. 

31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S.. 
31 S-. 

31 S.. 

32 S.. 
32 S.. 

32 S.. 

33 S.. 
33 S.. 

33 S-. 

34 S.. 
34 S.. 

34 S.. 

35 S.. 
35 S.. 

35 S.. 

36 S.. 
36 S.. 

36 S.. 

37 S.. 
37 S.. 
37 S.. 



5E.. 
BE.. 
6|E. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
6JE. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 



Alpine hemlock. 



Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



Western hemlock. 



Feet B. M. 



Engelmann 
spruce. 



11,000,000 



31,832,000 
33, 792, 000 

7, 012, 000 

6, 463, 800 
14, 040, 000 
10, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 
33, 000, 000 

1,200,000 
13, 400, 000 
36, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 

7, 960, 000 
52, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



1,689,600 
1, 168, 600 



469, 400 



Total. 



440, 000 



480, 000 
8, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
600, 000 



520, 000 
460, 000 



108, 000, 000 

23, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 

17, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

13, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 



2, 000, 000 

400, 000 

21, 000, 000 

4, 280, 000 

8, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 



1, 500, 000 
2, 000, 000 



17, 000, 000 

500, 000 

1, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 



2, 500, 000 



3, 500, 000 

400, 000 

6, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
80, 000, 000 
65, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 



397, 900, 000 

337, 920, 000 

233, 720, 000 

215, 460, 000 

25, 040, 000 

13, 440, 000 

67, 600, 000 

213, 120, 000 

293, 339, 200 

183, 680, 000 

132, 200, 000 

56, 880, 000 

50, 520, 000 

105, 960, 000 

68, 960, 000 

109, 480, 000 

127, 980, 000 

124, 300, 000 

52, 400, 000 

108, 300, 000 

31, 280, 000 

110, 040, 000 

134, 750, 000 

52, 450, 000 

112,650,000 

248, 000, 000 

139, 700, 000 

175, 400, 000 

276, 940, 000 

185, 900, 000 

110,800,000 



478 FOREST RESERVES. 

SUMMARY OF AREAL AND TIMBER ESTIMATES FOR ENTIRE 

REGION EXAMINED. 

Fhre^ed and other area.^ in region e.ramined. 

Acres. 

Forested area 2. 998. 440 

Nonforested area 1. 677. 920 

Total 4. 676. 360 

Amount of timber examined and estimated. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine 9, 477, 520. 400 

Sugar pine 813. 902. 100 

White pine 130. 470. 500 

Red fir 6, 638, 264, 800 

White fir 1, 215, 526, 000 

yoble fir - 885. 824, 400 

Incense cedar 91. 393. 600 

Alpine hemlock 609, 619, 800 

Western hemlock 46, 718, 200 

Engelmann spruce 71, 969, 400 

Total 19. 981, 209. 200 

Average of mill timber per forested acre, 6.664. 

These estimates are based upon dimensions down to S inches basal 
diameter and 10 feet of clear trunk. Close and economical lumbering 
methods utilizing portions of the crown would add 15 per cent to 
above timber estimates. 

The rather low avei"age per forested acre is due to the occurrence 
on the summit and eastern slope of the Cascades of large forested 
areas covered with a nearly pure growth of lodgepole pine or in some 
localities at high elevations of tracts with stands of scrubby alpine 
hemlock. Areas of these kinds carry no mill timber. 

The large tracts of nonforested lands in the region are due to: (1) 
semiarid valleys occurring not only on the eastern slope of the Cas- 
cades where the annual precipitation is low. but also on the western 
declivities of the i-ange; (2) large brush-covered areas on the summit 
and western slopes of the Cascades and on the summit and northern 
and southern slopes of the Siskiyous. Thev are the result of exten- 
sive tires destroying the timber and nonreforestation. Considerable 
tracts also are covered by the large Klamath lakes and their borders 
of ffrass and tule lands. 



LEiEEEG.] CASCADE BANGE AND ASHLAND BESERVES. 

Areal and (imher eMimal&(, by toicnshipyi. of reckon examined. 



47y 



Non for- 
ested. 



: Forested. Yellow pine. 



Sagar pine. \Vhite pim-. 



28 S. 
28 S. 
28 S. 
28 S. 

28 S. 

29 S. 
29 S. 
29 S. 
29 S. 

29 S. 

30 8. 
30 S. 
30 S. 
30 S. 
30 S. 
30 8. 
30 S. 
30 8. 
30 8. 
30 8- 
30 8. 
30 8. 
30 8- 
30 8. 

30 8- 

31 8. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 S. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 S. 
31 8. 
31 8. 
31 8. 



Acree. 
5E 

6E... 5, (MO 
6JE 

7E...i 

8E...' 

3E-..i 

4E...I 

oE... 

7E...I 

8E...J 3,040 

IE...; 

2E...' 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
6*E.. 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 



2,000 
3,360 
3,300 
10.180 
17,960 
2,000 
18,560 
5,760 
16,640 
IDE... 11,240 
HE... 7,700 
12E... 12,000 
13 E... 15,000 
14E... 13,000 

1 AV 

IE 

2E 



3E... 

4E... 

5E... 

6E... 

6*E..i 

7E... 

8E...I 17,400 

9E...i 8,300 

lOE... 

HE... 3,900 



12,160 
8,320 
2,560 
1,600 
2,000 
3,040 



I Acres. 

\ 23,040 

: 18,000 

' 23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

20,000 

j 23,040 

j 21,040 

19,680 

19,740 

12,860 

5,080 

21,040 

4,480 

17,280 

6,400 

11,800 

15,340 

11,040 

8,040 

10,040 

23,040 

23,040 

23,040 

10,880 

14,720 

20,480 

21,440 

21,040 

20,000 I 

5,640 

14,740 

23,040 

19, 140 ' 



Fed B. .V. 



Feft B. }f. 



Feel B. .V. 
5, 000, 000 



161,280,000 

26. 880, 000 

1. 500, 000 



4, 000, 000 
5,000,000 I 



80,640,000 
6,000,000 
59, 685, 000 
25, 654, 400 
9, 348, 000 
4,309,200 
1, 300, 000 



r, 958, 000 



16, 896, 000 3, 379, 200 

11, 686, 000 4, 674, 000 

1. 077, 300 1, 077, :?00 

700,000 



52,000,000 !. 
33,600,000 j. 

2,240.000 . 
26,240,000 . 
122,700,000 ;. 
93,700,000 '. 
3-5,000,000 . 
16,000,000 . 

8,000,000 . 
85, 000, 000 
16, 500, 000 
23, 467, 200 

8,000,000 

1,000,000 
200,000 . 



10, 000, 000 
3,000,000 
9, 850, 000 

9, axi, 000 

1.000,000 



1,000.000 
6,000.000 



5. 000. 000 



65, 000, 000 
71, 500, 000 



76, 160. 000 
220, 800, 000 
200, 000, 000 



•180 FOREST RESERVES. 

Arcal ajjd timber estimates, bij townships, of region examined — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Red fir. 


White flr. 


Noble flr. 


Incense cedar. 


28 8.... 
28 8.... 
28 8.... 
28 8.... 

28 8.... 

29 8 

29 8.... 
29 8.... 
29 8.... 

29 8.... 

30 8 

30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 

30 8 

30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 

30 8.... 

31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
3' S.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 S.... 
31 8-... 
31 S.... 


5 E... 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 

25, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 


6E... 








6^E.. 








7E... 










8 E... 










3E... 
4E.-. 
5E... 


40, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 


10, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 














7E... 










8 E... 










IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 


250, 677, 000 
209, 889, 600 
140, 232, 000 
150, 822, 000 
5, 000, 000 


7, 958, 000 

3, 379, 200 

23,372,000 

30, 164, 400 


39, 790, 000 

41,550,400 

35, 058, 000 

21,546,000 

4, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

5, 600, 000 




1,689,600 
700, 000 








6iE. 




3, 000, 000 




7E... 






8E... 








9 E... 










10 E 










11 E 




3, 740, 000 






12 E... 








13 E... 








14 E... 








1 W.. 

IE... 
2E... 
3E... 

4E... 
5E 


175, 000, 000 
160, 000, 000 
205, 338, 000 
150, 000, 000 
4, 200, 000 


25, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 




5, 000, 000 

620, 000 

1,684,000 


11, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 
98, 000, 000 
20, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


600, 000 




6E 




5, 000, 000 

1, 000, 000 

500, 000 




6iE 






7E 






8E 








9E 










10 E 










HE. 




2, 900, 000 















LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 481 

Areal ami i'niihcr cxi'mmiex, hi/ tonutiJiips, of region cxumhu'd — Continueil. 



T. 


R. 


Alpi.H.h..n,o.... Sock. 


Enselmanii 
spruce. 


- 
Total. 


28 8 

28 8 

28 8 

28 8.... 

28 8.... 

29 8.... 
29 8.... 
29 8.... 
29 8.... 

29 8.... 

30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 S.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 8.... 
30 S.... 
30 8.... 

30 8.... 

31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 S.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 
31 8.... 


5E... 
6E... 
6^E.. 


Feet B. M. 
10, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 


FeetB.M. 


Feet B. M. 
40, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 

161, 280, 000 

26, 880, 000 

1,500,000 
65, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 










7E... 








8E 








3E... 
4E... 


11,000,000 










5E... 








7E... 








80, 640, 000 

6, 000, 000 

397, 900, 000 

337, 920, 000 

233, 720, 000 

215, 460, 000 

25, 040, 000 

13, 440, 000 

67, 600, 000 

33, 600, 000 

2, 240, 000 

26, 240, 000 

122, 700, 000 

97, 440, 000 
35, 000, 000 
16, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 
300, 000, 000 
213, 120, 000 
293, 339, 200 
183, 680, 000 
132, 200, 000 
56, 880, 000 
50,520,0^)0 

98, 920, 000 
72, 000, 000 


8 E. . . 








IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
6^ E. . 
7E... 


31, 832, 000 

33, 792, 000 

7,012,000 

6, 463, 800 

14, 040, 000 

10,000,000 

7, 000, 000 






1,689,600 
1,168,600 




469, 400 








440, 000 








8E... 








9E... 








lOE... 








HE... 








12 E. . 








13 E. . 








14 E... 








1 ^Y.. 








IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
6^E.. 
7E... 


14, 000, 000 
33, 000, 000 
1,200,000 
13, 400, 000 
36, QOO, 000 
25, 000, 000 
27, 920, 000 










480, 000 
8, 000, 000 










520, 000 








8E 








9E... 








76, 160, 000 
220, 800, 000 
202, 900, 000 


10 E. 








HE... 















21 GEOL, PT 5- 



-31 



482 FOREST RESERVES. 

Arfitl (itxl thnhcr cxtijiiatcs, b[/ toiotxhip-'f, of region cniniiiu'd — C-ontinued. 



81 S 

31 S.... 

31 S.... 

32 S 

32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 

32 S 

32 S.... 5E.. 
32S.... 6E.. 
32 S 



12E.. 
13E.. 
14 E.. 

2 W . 

1 W. 

IE.. 

2E.. 

3E.. 

4E.- 



32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 

32 S 

32 S 

32 S 

32 S.... 

33 S.... 

33 S 

33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 8.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S. . . . 
33 S.... 
33 S-... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 

33 S.... 

34 S.... 
34 S.. 



7JE.. 

7E... 

8E..- 

9E... 
lOE... 
HE... 
12E... 
13 E... 
14E... 

2 W . . 

1 W . . 
lE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7JE.. 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

10 E... 
HE... 

12 E... 

13 E... 

14 E... 

2 W . . 
1 W . . 



Nonfor- 
ested. 



Acres. 

8,000 

12,000 

12,000 

600 

1,200 



4, 500 
5, 100 
13, 000 
11,600 
2,600 
6,400 
2,000 
4,800 
9,040 
3,000 
7,700 



Forested. 



9,000 

10, 000 

1,000 

2, 800 

4,400 

2, 500 

3,200 

9,900 

6, 500 

10, 100 

14, 000 

1,600 

600 

6,100 

200 

1,300 

2,000 

7,000 

10, 000 

2,000 

2,500 



Acres. 
15, 040 
11,040 
11,040 
22, 440 
21, 840 
23, 040 
18, 540 
17,940 
10, 040 
11,440 

20, 440 
16, 640 
20, 540 
18, 240 
14, 000 
23, 040 
15, 340 
23, 040 
14, 040 
13, 040 
22, 040 
20, 240 
18, 640 
20, 540 
19, 840 
13, 140 
16, 540 

12, 940 
9,040 

21, 440 

22, 440 
16, 940 
22, 840 
21, 740 
21, 040 
16, 040 

13, 040 
21, 040 
20, 540 



Yellow pine. 



Feet B. M. 
25, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 
48, 000, 000 
15,000,000 
30, 000, 000 
48, 000, 000 
54, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 



65, 000, 000 
65, 000, 000 

160, 480, 000 
34, 560, 000 
98, 000, 000 

154, 800, 000 
88, 000, 000 

197, 800, 000 
91, 500, 000 
32, 000, 000 
40, 000, 000 
60, 000, 000 
20, 520, 000 
24, 000, 000 
16, 000, 000 
1,000,000 



Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 



White pine. 



6, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

800, 000 

6, 000, 000 

100, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 
9, 440, 000 



3, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
4, 600, 000 
99, 500, 000 
6, 500, 000 



8, 

29, 

197, 

147, 

101, 

250, 

131, 

53, 

2^, 

10, 

16, 

12, 



000, 
000, 
820, 
980, 
800, 
600, 
800, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 



000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 



3, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 



1, 500, 000 



Feet B. M. 



6, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
1, 900, 000 
3, 000, 000 



6, 000, 000 



, 000, 000 



LEiBEP,.;.] cascadp: range and ashland eeserves. 483 

Areal and timber estimates, by townships, of region examined — Continued. 



31 S... 
31 S... 

31 S... 

32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 
32 S... 

32 S... 

33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 
33 S... 

33 S... 

34 S... 
34 S... 



R. 



.1 12E. 
. 13E. 
. 14E. 



2 W. . 

1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7iE.. 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

10 E... 
HE... 

12 E... 

13 E... 

14 E... 

2 W.. 

1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E..- 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7iE.. 
7E..^ 
8E... 
9E... 

10 E... 
HE... 
12E... 

13 E... 

14 E... 

2 W.. 
1 W.. 



Red fir. 



White fir. 



Feet B. M. 



Feet B. M. 



175, 000, 000 
195, 000, 000 
190, 000, 000 
110,000,000 
286, 000, 000 



12, 000, 000 
13, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
12,240,000 



11, 000, 000 

47, 000, 000 

33, 000, 000 

156, 000, 000 

610, 500, 000 

108, 000, 000 



1, 000, 000 
100, 000 



30, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
18, 880, 000 



Noble fir. 



Feet B. M. 



90, 000, 000 

14, 000, 000 

1,480,000 



Incense cedar. 



1, 500, 000 
16, 000, 000 
65, 000, 000 
12, 480, 000 



10, 000, 000 
7, 450, 000 
4, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 



14, 300, 000 
5, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 



1,000,000 

2, 000, 000 

440, 000 

1,120,000 



300, 000 



500, 000 

800, 000 

3, 000, 000 



850, 000 
500, 000 



500, 000 



484 FOREST RESERVES. 

Areitl and timber edimaies, hi/ loimship.'i, of region, examined — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Alpine hemlook. 
Feet B. M. 


Western 
hemlock. 


Engelmann 
spruce. 


Total. 


31 S.... 
31 S.... 

31 S.... 

32 S.... 
32 S-... 

32 S 

32 S-... 
32 S.... 

32 S 

32 S-... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 
32 S.... 

32 S 

32-6.... 
32 S.... 

32 S.... 

33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 
33 S.... 

33 S.... 

34 S.... 
34 S.... 


12 E... 


Feel B. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
25. 000. 000 


13 E. 








12 

48 

209 

248 

247 

181 

452 

105 

68 

109 

85 

188 

34 

98 

154 

88 

197 

91 

32 

51 

110 

58 

203 

806 

127 

124 

52 

42 

204 

147 

101 

250 

131 

53 

24 

10 

23 

16 


000 
000 
000 
000 
240 
120 
240 
960 
960 
480 
300 
800 
560 
000 
800 
000 
800 
500 
000 
000 
000 
520 
800 
880 
980 
300 
400 
400 
320 
980 
800 
600 
800 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


14 E... 








2 W.. 








1 W.. 








1 E 








2E... 








3E... 




3, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

600, 000 




4E... 
5E... 

6E... 

74 E.. 


7, 960, 000 
52, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 




460, 000 




7E... 








8E.... 








9E... 








lOE... 








HE .. 








12E... 








13 E... 






14E... 






2 \y . . 




1 


1 w . . 








IE.. 








2E... 




2, 400, 000 
6, 880, 000 




3E... 






4E... 







5E... 

6E... 
7iE.. 


108, 000, 000 
23, 000, 000 




2, 000, 000 
400, 000 






7E...' 






8E...' 






9E...' 






lOE...' 






HE . 








12E... 








13E... 








14 E... 








2 W . . 








1 W . . 























LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 485 

Arm/ unci timber estimates, by tuwnshipx, <>/ reguni examined — Continued. 



34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 
34 S... 

34 S... 

35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S-. 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S.- 
35 S.. 
35 S.. 
35 S-. 
35 S.- 
35 S.. 

35 S.. 

36 S.. 
36 S.- 
36 S.. 
36 S.. 
36 S.. 
36 S.. 
36 S-. 



R. 



1 E... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7iE.. 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

10 E. 
HE. 
12 E... 
13E... 
14 E... 

2 W.. 
1 W. 

1 E... 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
7iE. 
7E.. 
8E.. 
9E.. 

10 E.. 
HE.. 
12 E.. 
13E.. 
14E.. 

2 W. 
1 W. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 



N on for- 
ested. 



Aa-es. 

6, 400 

3, 800 

2,500 

7,700 

3,900 

9,600 

21,840 

5, 760 

10, 880 

10, 240 



Forested. 



8,000 
9, 200 



8,000 

20, 040 

18,040 

12, 800 

3,200 

3,000 

10, 800 

6,400 

6,300 

23, 040 

7,680 



7,700 

10, 880 

16, 700 

18, 800 

6,100 

15, 000 

18, 840 

18, 040 

13, 640 

7,000 

3, 600 

7,000 

10, 200 



Acres. 
16, 640 
19, 240 
20, 540 
15, 340 
19, 140 
13, 440 

1,200 
17, 280 
12, 160 
12, 800 
23, 040 
15, 040 
13, 840 
23, 040 
15,040 

3, 000 

5,000 
10, 240 
19, 840 
20, 040 
12, 240 
16, 640 
16, 740 



Yellow pine. 



15, 360 

23, 040 

15, 340 

12, 160 

6,340 

4,240 

16, 940 

8,040 

4,200 

5,000 

9,400 

16, 040 

19, 440 

16, 040 

12, 840 



Feel B. M. 
12, 000, 000 
34, 000, 000 
90, 000, 000 
6, 500, 000 



20, 000, 000 
3, (iOO, 000 
48, 000, 000 
28, 400, 000 
30, 000, 000 
70, 000, 000 
77, 300, 000 
94, 000, 000 

147, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 

1, 600, 000 

3, 000, 000 

14, 000, 000 

28, 000, 000 

160, 000, 000 
69, 000, 000 



Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 
3, 480, 000 
12, 000, 000 
24, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
700, 000 



White pine. 



38, 000, 000 



40, 320, 000 

59, 296, 600 

73, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

3, 200, 000 

17,300,000 

48, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 

2, 300, 000 

2, 700, 000 

4, 800, 000 

12, 000, 000 

50, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 



700, 000 
3, 000, 000 
1,500,000 



4, 500, 000 
11,000,000 



2, 650, 000 



2, 764, 800 
1,000,000 



3, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
4, 500, 000 
2, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 



1, 540, 000 



500, 000 



6, 000, 000 
8, 500, 000 

12,000; 000 



480 FOREST RESERVES. 

Arciil iiii'l liiiiht'r cxtiitKilcx, lii/ toinixlil/in, af region examined — Continued. 



34 S.... 

34 S..-. 
34 S.... 
34 S.--. 

34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S..., 
34 S.... 

34 S.... 

35 S... 
35 S..., 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 
35 S... 

35 S... 

36 S... 
36 S... 
36 S... 
36 8... 
36 S... 
36 S... 
36 S... 



IE... 

2E... 

3E... 

4E... 

5E... 

6E... 

7*E.. 

7E... 

8E... 

9E... 
10 E... 
HE... 

12 E... 
13E... 
14E... 

2 W.. 

1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E... 
7iE 
7E. 
8E. 
9E. 

10 E... 
HE... 
12E... 

13 E... 

14 E... 

2 W.. 
1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 



Red fir. 



Feet B. M. 

15,410,000 
118,000,000 
234, 000, 000 

13, 000, 000 



Feet B. M. 

3, 910, 000 
10, 000, 000 
38, 000, 000 

2, 800, 000 



8, 500, 000 38, 000, 000 



2, 000, 000 
1,300,000 



700, 000 

1, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

98, 000, 000 

109, 000, 000 

42, 000, 000 



20, 000, 000 



5, 776, 200 
I 4, 000, 000 



200, 000 

300, 000 

500, 000 

22, 000, 000 

160, 000, 000 

148, 000, 000 

36,000,000 



1,700,000 

1,200,000 

17,000,000 

8, 000, 000 



2, 000, 000 

11,000,000 

12,000,000 

2, 750, 000 

6, 450, 000 

30, 000, 000 



Noble fir. 



Feet B. M. 



25, 000, 000 
10,000,000 
25, 000, 000 



1,382,400 
2, 000, 000 



6, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 



15, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
25, 000, 000 
27, 000, 000 
60, 700, 000 



10, 500, 000 
37, 000, 000 
13, 000, 000 



Incense cedar. 



Feet B. M. 



1,690,000 
5, 360, 000 



240, 000 



100, 000 

1, 000, 000 

500, 000 



3, 600, 000 
3, 000, 000 



600, 000 



1, 000, 000 
2, 500, 000 



LEiBERc] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 487 

Arenl andthiihcr eMhnatrx, hi/ toimships, of region examined — Continued. 



T. 


K. 


Alpiiii; hemlock. 


Western 
liemlock. 


Engclmann 
spruce. 


Total. 


34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 
34 S.... 

34 S.... 

35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 
35 S.... 

35 S.... 

36 S.... 
36 S.... 
33 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 


IE... 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. ^f. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 

34, 800, 000 

176,690,000 

392, 360, 000 

108, .300, 000 

31,280,000 

1 10, 040, 000 

3, 600, 000 

53, 240, 000 

30, 400, 000 

30, 000, 000 

70, 000, 000 

79, 000, 000 

96, 000, OOO 

168,000,000 

50, 000, 000 

2, 300, 000 

4, 000, 000 

24, 000, 000 

145, 100, 000 

295, 000, 000 

134, 750, 000 

52, 450, 000 

112, 650, 000 


2E... 




1,000,000 
1,000,000 




3E... 






4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
74 E 


40, 000, 000 

17,000,000 

9, 000, 000 


21,000,000 
4, 280, 000 
8, 000, 000 








7E... 








8E 








9 PL.. 








10 E... 








HE... 








12 E... 








13 E... 








14 E... 








2 W.. 








1 AV.. 








IE... 








2E... 








3E... 








4E... 
5E... 
6E... 

74E.. 


6, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 








17,000,000 
500, 000 






7E...I 






40, 320, 000 

69, 220, 000 

80, 000, 000 

(), 000, 000 

3, 200, 000 

17,300,000 

57, 600, 000 

28, 000, 000 

2, 500, 000 

3, 000, 000 

5, 300, 000 

41,000,000 

258, 500, 000 

248, 000, 000 

1.39,700,000 

1 


8E 






9E... 








lOE... 








HE... 








12E... 








13 E... 








14 E... 








2 W.. 








1 W.. 








IE... 








2E... 








3E... 








4E... 
5E... 


13, 000, 000 
10,000,000 


1,500,000 
2, 000, 000 


1,000,000 
3, 000. 000 



488 



FOKEST KESERVES. 



An'dl (Old lun.hfr I'stijualix, lii/ loinmhipx, of region {'.ratiiiued — Continued. 



36 S.... 

36 S 

36 S.... 
36 S.... 

36 8 

36 S.-.. 
36 S.-.. 
36 S.... 
36 S-... 

36 S.... 

37 8.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.-.. 

37 S 

37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.-.. 

37 8 

37 S.... 
37 8..-. 
37 8 ... . 

37 8 

37 8 ... . 
378.... 

37 8 ... . 

38 8 

38 8 ... . 

38 8 

38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 
38 8 ... . 



R. 



6E.. 
7a E. 

7bE. 

8E.. 

9E.. 
lOE.. 
HE.. 
12E.. 
13E.. 
14 E.. 

2 W. 

1 W. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
7E.. 
8E.. 
9E.. 

10 E.-. 
lliE. 
HE.. 

12 E.. 

13 E.. 

14 E.. 

2 ^v. 

1 AV. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
7E.. 
8E.. 
9E.. 
lOE.. 



Non for- 
ested. 



Acren. 
,203 



040 
760 



200 
800 
360 
540 
000 
000 
640 
500 
900 
000 
500 
100 
400 
000 
900 
340 
160 
160 
720 
840 
900 
600 
000 
200 
040 
600 
000 
700 
700 
000 
600 
500 
280 
280 
160 



Forested, 

Acres. 

15, 840 

3, 000 

7,280 

23, 040 

21, 840 

10, 240 

7,680 

2,500 

16, 040 

8,040 

2,400 

9,540 

21, 140 

20, 040 

19, 540 

18, 940 

16, 640 

14, 040 

19, 140 

700 

10, 880 

6, 880 

8,320 

19, 200 

20, 140 

20, 440 

17,040 

17,840 



11,440 
12, 040 
17, 340 
17, 340 
17, 040 
19, 440 
18, 540 
5, 760 
5, 760 
10, 880 



Yellow pine. Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 

110,000,000 

2, 500, 000 

21, 640, 000 

72, 000, 000 

110, 500, 000 

38, 000, 000 

64, 000, 000 

2, 500, 000 

113,000,000 

8, 000, 000 

800, 000 

9, 000, 000 

18, 000, 000 

35, 000, 000 

54, 000, 000 

940, 000 

2, 000, 000 

11, 000, 000 

135, 800, 000 

1,400,000 

40, 320, 000 

32, 000, 000 

18,500,000 

57, 600, 000 

94, 000, 000 

95, 000, 000 

42, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 



90 

11, 

55, 
44, 
45, 
64, 
118, 
1-1, 
11, 
22, 



000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
000, 000 
300, 000 
520, 000 
000, 000 



Fed li. M. 
8, 300, 000 



2, 000, 000 
1,300,000 



White pine. 



1, 000, 000 

500, 000 

1,700,000 

5, 600, 000 



1,000,000 



18, 000, 000 

12, 000, 000 

800, 000 



400, 000 



3, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 



5, 900, 000 
1,200,000 
3, 000, 000 



■■■] CASCADE RANGE AND A8HLAND KESERVES. 489 

Areal and timber esllmates, by lownahijjs, of region examined — Continued. 



R. 



3(i 
3(j 

m 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

3 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 



8... 
S... 
S... 
S... 

s... 
s... 
s... 
s... 



6E... 

7a E.. 

7bE.. 

8E... 

9E... 
lOE... 
HE... 
12E... 
13 E... 
HE... 



7 S....I 2W.. 



S.... 

8 

8 

8 

8.... 
8.... 

S 

8.... 
8.... 

S 

8.... 
8.... 
8..-. 
S.... 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8.... 



1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

lOE... 
lUE.. 
HE... 
12 E... 
13E... 
14 E... 

2 W-. 
1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

lOE... 



Red fir. 



White fir. 



Feet B. M. 
35, 000, 000 
500, 000 



Feet B. M. 
20, 000, 000 



Xoble fir. 



Feet B. M. 



4, 000, 000 
12, 200, 000 



5, 000, 000 
9, 500, 000 

2; 000, 000 

2, 200, 000 
300, 000 



400, 000 

15, 000, 000 

12,000,000 

60, 000, 000 

130, 000, 000 

180, 000, 000 

30, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 



10, 000, 000 



1,600,000 

33, 000, 000 

92, 000, 000 

145, 000, 000 

90, 000, 000 

103, 000, 000 

57, 000, 000 

3, 500, 000 



5, 000, 000 

1, 500, 000 

4, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 

48, 500, 000 

120, 000, 000 

40, 000, 000 

24, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 



6, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 



3, 000, 000 
4, 880, 000 

20, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 

15, 700, 000 
3, 960, 000 



26, 000, 000 
16, 000, 000 
33, 000, 000 



1,000,000 



25, 000, 000 
13, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 



Incense cedar. 



Fat Jl. M. 
2, 100, 000 



1,280,000 

2, 500, 000 

500, 000 

300, 000 



400, 000 



roo,ooo 



2, 000, 000 
300, 000 



490 FOREST RESERVES. 

Arcal (Old timber estimate.'^, by ton-vidiips, of region examirted — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Alpine hemlock. 


Western 
hemlock. 


Engelmanu 
spruce. 


Total. 


36 S...- 

36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 
36 S.... 

36 S.... 

37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.-.. 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 

37 S 

37 S.... 
37 S.... 
37 S.... 

37 S.... 

38 S.... 
38 S-... 
38 S.... 
38 S..-. 

38 8 

38 S.... 
38 S.... 

38 S 

38 S.... 
38 S.... 
38 S.... 
38 S.... 


6E... 


Fed n. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
175. 400. 000 


7a E.. 








3 
21 
84 
136 
40 
66 

2 

113 
8 
1 

30 

32 

100 

193 

276 

185 

110 

169 

1 

40 

43 

IS 

57 

100 

95 

52 

30 


000 
640 
280 
000 
500 
500 
800 
000 
000 
200 
400 
000 
700 
600 
940 
900 
800 
800 
400 
320 
100 
500 
600 
000 
000 
000 
000 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


7b E . 








8E... 








9E... 








lOE... 








HE... 








12E... 








13 E... 








14 E... 








2 W.. 








1 W.. 








IE... 








2E... 








3E... 








4E... 






3, 500, 000 

400, 000 

6, 000, 000 


5E... 
6E... 
7E... 


3, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 


2, 500, 000 






8E... 


1 




9E... 








lOE... 








lUE.. 








HE... 








12E... 








13 E... 








UE... 




_ _ 




2 W.. 






1 W.. 






IE... 








23 

48 

156 

247 

156 

218 

190 

21 

11 

99 


600 
000 
880 
900 
000 
000 
700 
760 
520 
000 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


2E... 








3E... 








4E... 








5E... 




500, 000 




6E... 
7E... 


2, 000, 000 




3, 000, 000 




8E ...' 




9E... 




lOE 



















LEiBERo.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 491 

Areal and limber esliinakti, by townslups, of region examined — Continued. 



38 S . . 
38 S . . 
38S.. 
38 S . . 

38 S . . . 

39 S . . . 
39 S . . , 
39 S . . . 
39 S . . . 
39 S . . . 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 
39 S... 

39 S... 

40 S... 
40 8... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 
40 S... 



R. 



HE.. 
12E.. 

13 E.. 

14 E.. 
2 W. 

1 W. 
IE.. 
2E.. 
3E.. 
4E.. 
5E.. 
6E.. 
7E.. 
8E.. 
9E.. 

10 E.. 
lUE., 
HE... 

12 E... 

13 E. 

14 E. 

2 W.. 
1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 

10 E... 
HE... 
12E... 

13 E... 

14 E... 
14JE.. 



""e^tir k--ted. 



Acres. 

21,400 

9,000 

5, 800 

9,900 

14, 000 

14, 000 

5,800 

15, 000 

12, 500 

3,900 

5, 000 

1,900 

4,200 

5, 000 
14, 720 
23, 040 
18, 500 
15, 360 

7,600 
15, 400 
18, 600 
15, 000 

3, 800 

6, 000 

4, 500 
9,500 

11,000 

3,300 

2, 600 

1,800 

1,300 

16, 900 

23, 040 

16, 000 

18, 000 

12, 000 

12, 800 

19, 800 

10. 000 



Acres. 

1,640 
14, 040 
17,240 
13, 140 

9,040 

9,040 

17, 240 
8,040 

10, 540 
19, 140 
18, 040 
21, 140 

18, 840 
18, 040 

8,320 



4, 540 

7,680 

15, 440 

7,640 

4,440 

8, 040 

19, 240 

17, 040 

18, 540 
13, 540 
12, 040 

19, 740 

20, 440 
21, 240 

21, 740 
6,140 



7,040 

5,040 

11,040 

10, 240 

3,240 

13, 040 



Yellow pine. 



Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 

2, 240, 000 

53, 000, 000 

84, 000, 000 

38, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

29, 000, 000 

73, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 

7. 000, 000 

65, 000, 000 

122, 000, 000 

188, 000, 000 

60, 000, 000 

70, 000, 000 

10, 880, 000 



Feel li. M. 



9, 000, 000 
7, 000, 000 



10, 000, 000 
31, 000, 000 
28, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 



10, 000, 000 

22, 500, 000 

85, 000, 000 

42, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

60, 000, 000 

26, 000, 000 

36, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

16, 000, 000 

132, 000, 000 

170,000,000 

190, 000, 000 

175,000,000 

40, 000, 000 



42, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 



5, 000, 000 

S, 000, 000 

16, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 

35, 000, 000 

60, 000, 000 

45, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 



White pine. 



Feel B. if. 



1 , 000, 000 



492 FOEEST RESERVES. 

Aniil (uid thnhi'r cstiinuli'x, hy toinisliijj.s, of region rxnmmed — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Red fir. 


White fir. 


Noble fir. 


Incense cedar. 


38 8.... 
38 8.... 

38 S 

38 8 

38 8.... 

39 8.... 
39 8.... 

39 8 

39 8.... 

39 8 

39 8 

-39 8 

39 8.... 
39 8.... 

39 8 

39 8 

39 8..-. 
39 8.... 
39 8.... 

39 8 

39 8 

39 8.... 
40. 8.... 

40 8.... 
40 8.... 
40 8.... 

40 8 

40 8.... 
40 8.... 
40 8.... 

40 8 

40 8.... 
40 8.... 
40 8.... 
40 8.... 
40 8-... 
40 S.-.. 

40 8 

40 8.... 


lU E.. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet li. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Fret B. M 


HE... 
12 E 


5, 000, 000 


4, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 








500, 000 
2, 000, 000 


13 E 






14E... 






2 W.. 
1 W.. 

IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 


6, 000, 000 

21, 000, 000 

6, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 

55, 000, 000 

80, 000, 000 

95, 000, 000 

105, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 


























6, 300, 000 

4, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

15, 000, 000 

7, 000, 000 








2, 850, 000 

3, 000, 000 

800, 000 

900, 000 


4, 000, 000 






9E... 










10 E... 










lUE.. 










11 E... 




5, 000, 000 
4, 000, 000 






12E... 








13 E... 








14 E... 










2 W.. 
1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 


45, 000, 000 
55, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 
51, 200, 000 
70, 000, 000 
100,000,000 
75, 000, 000 
65, 000, 000 
9, 000, 000 




7, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 

4, 000, 000 


2, 000, 000 

3, 000, 0*00 
4, 000, 000 


3, 000, 000 
8, 000, 000 
2, 000, 000 


400, 000 
1, 000, 000 
3, 620, 000 
1,000,000 


10, 000, 000 

17, 000, 000 

9, 000, 000 










3, 980, 000 










lOE... 










HE... 










12E... 










13 E... 
14E... 


5, 000, 000 


6, 000, 000 




1,000,000 




14JE.. 





















] cascadp: range and ashland reserves. 493 

ArmI u)i(l tiinht'r csllmdfi'f^, hij townships, of region examined — rontiimed. 



T. 

38 S.... 
38 S.... 
38 S...- 
38 S.... 

38 S 

39 S 

39 S 

39 S.... 
39 S.... 
39 S.... 
39 S--.. 
39 S..-- 
39 S.... 
39 S.... 
39 S.... 
39 S.... 

39 S 

39 S.... 
39 S-... 
39 S.... 
39 S.... 

39 S..-. 

40 S.... 
40 S.... 
40 S.... 
40 S-... 
40 S.-.. 
40 S..-. 
40 S.... 
40 S..-. 
40 S-... 
40 S..-- 
40 S--.. 
40 S.... 
40 S.... 
40 S.-.. 
40 S..-. 
40 S.... 
40 S.... 


R. 


Alpine hemlock. 


Western 
hemlock. 


Engelraannn 
spruce. 


Total. 


lU E 


Feel B. M. 


F>ct li. .1/. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 

2, 240, 000 

62, 000, 000 

86, 500, 000 

44, 000, 000 

8, 000, 000 

35, 000, 000 

103, 000, 000 

35, 000, 000 

10, 000, 000 

136, 300, 000 

239, 850, 000 

328, 000, 000 

195, 800, 000 

95, 900, 000 

10,880,000 


11 E 








12 E 








13 E 








14 E 








2 \V 








1 W 








1 E 








2 E 








3E 








4E 








5 E 








6 E 








7 E 








8E 








9E 








10 E 








10, 000, 000 

22, 500, 000 

90, 000, 000 

46, 000, 000 

22, 000, 000 

8, 000. 000 

119,000,000 

110,000,000 

164,000,000 

68, 000, 000 

69, 600, 000 

248, 000, 000 

350, 620, 000 

320, 000, 000 

248, 000, 000 

52, 980, 000 


Hi E 








11 E 








12 E 








13 E 








14 E 




_ 




9^V 








1 W 








1 E 








2 E 







3 E 








4E 








5 E 








6E 








7 E 








! 8E 






9 E 


1 




10 E 






42, 000, 000 
5, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
62, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 
45, 000, 000 


11 F 






JO E 






13 E 






14 p] 






14i E 








1 









494 FOKEST KESERVES. 

Areal and timber estimates, 1)1/ /o/r/(,s7/v/).f, of region examined — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Non for- 
ested. 






Acres. 


41 S.... 


2 W.. 


3, 000 


41 S.... 


1 W.. 


1,200 


41 S.... 


IE... 


300 


41 S.... 


2E... 


2,000 


41 S.... 


3E... 


3,200 


41 S.... 


4E... 


2,400 


41 S.... 


5E... 




41 S.... 


6E... 


1,200 


41 S.... 


7E... 


1,000 


41 S.--- 


8E... 


8,320 


41 S.... 


9E... 


11,520 


41 S.... 


lOE... 


11,520 


41 S.... 


HE... 


10, 720 


41 S.... 


12 E... 


11,520 


41 S.... 


13 E... 


3, 000 


41 S .. 


14 E... 




41 S.... 


14JE.. 


8,020 



Forested. 



Acres. 
7,200 
9,000 
9,900 
8,200 
7,000 
7,800 
10, 200 
9,000 
9,200 
2,800 



800 



8,520 

11,520 

3, 500 



Yellow pine. 



Feet B. M. 
16, 000, 000 
60, 000, 000 
40, 000, 000 
3, 000, 000 
6, 000, 000 
42, 000, 000 
50, 000, 000 
58, 000, 000 
78, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 



4, 500, 000 



34, 000, 000 

55, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 



Sugar pine. 



Feet B. M. 

5, 000, 000 
12, 000, 000 
15, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 



4, 800, 000 
15, 000, 000 



White pine. 



Feet B. M. 
3, 000, 000 



LEiBEKc;.] CASCAD?: RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 495 

Arcal (tiul (iinbtr c.^liniatc.^, bij tutrufihip.'i, of r eg ton cxamiaeil — Continued. 



T. 

41 S 

41 S 

41 S.... 
41 S.... 

41 S 

41 8 

41 S 

41 S.... 
41 R.... 

41 S 

41 S.... 
41 S.... 
41 S.... 
41 S.... 
41 S.... 
41 S.... 
41 S 


R. 


Red fir. 


White fir. 


Noble fir. 


Incense cedar. 


2 W.. 
1 W.. 
IE... 
2E... 
3E... 
4E... 
5E... 
6E... 
7E... 
8E... 
9E... 


Fed B. .V. 

22, 000, 000 

28, 000, 000 

4, 240, 000 

4, ()00, 000 

4, 000, 000 

17,800,000 

30, 000, 000 

29, 500, 000 

17, 000, 000 

2, 000, 000 


Fed B. M. 
1,600,000 
3, 000, 000 
10, 000, 000 
1,000,000 


Fed B. M. 

40, 000, 000 

5, 000, 000 


Fed B. .V. 
1,500,000 
1,700,000 
8, 000, 000 








400, 000 
4, 000, 000 




2, 000, 000 
1,000,000 
























10 E... 










HE... 










12E... 










13 E... 

14 E... 


7, 000, 000 


3, 000, 000 




1,000,000 




14iE.. 

















496 FOREST RESERVES. 

Area/ (did Iniihcr cslijiKdi'K, Juj ioniiiOi'ipii, <if region e.ramlried — Continued. 



T. 


R. 


Alpine hemlock. 


Western 
hemlock. 


Engelmann. 
spruce. 


Total. 


41 S 

41 S 

41 B.... 
41 S.... 

41 8 

41 8 

41 8.... 
41 8..-. 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 
41 8.... 


2 W-. 


Fret B. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 


Feet B. M. 
89,100,000 

109,700,000 
77, 240, 000 
10, 600, 000 
10, 000, 000 
67, 000, 000 

100, 000, 000 
87, 500, 000 
95, 000, 000 
14, 000, 000 


1 W.. 








IE... 








2E... 








3E... 








4E... 








5E... 








6E... 








7E.-. 








8E... 








9E... 








lOE... 










HE... 








4, 500, 000 


12 E... 








13 E... 








45, 000, 000 

55, 000, 000 

3, 000, 000 


14 E... 









14iE.. 

















RECAPITULATION. 

Total i^tdnd of timber. 



Species. 


Michigan practice. 


Local practice. 


DifJerence. 


Yellow pine 


Feet B. 31. 

9, 477, 520, 400 

813, 902, 100 

130, 470, 500 

6, 638, 264, 800 

1,215,526,000 

885, 824, 400 

91,393,600 

609, 619, 800 

46, 718, 200 

71, 969, 400 


Feet B. M. 

6, 973, 740, 000 

712, 400, 000 

88, 300, 000 

4, 358, 500, 000 

242, 500, 000 

528, 000, 000 

44, 600, 000 

308, 800, 000 

8, 500, 000 

37, 000, 000 


Feet B. M. 

2, 503, 780, 400 

101,502,100 

42, 170, 500 

2, 279, 764, 800 

973, 026, 000 

357, 824, 400 

46, 793, 600 

300, 819, 800 

38, 218, 200 

34, 969, 400 


8ugar pine 

White pine 


Red fir 

White fir 

Nol)le fir 

Iiicen^e cedar 

Alpine hemlock 

AVestern hemlock 

Engelmann spruce . . . 

Total 


19,981,269,200 


13, 302, 340, 000 


6, 678, 869, 200 





This makes a difference of 33.4 per cent between the two estimates 
on the amount of timber under the Michigan practice. 

There is another "practice" which could be used in estimating the 
timber in this region. That is the cutting practice of the Fokegama 
Lumber Company, the largest concern operating in the region. This 



LKiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 497 

"practice" aims to make so thorough a clean up that there shall never 
be occasion again to log on the tracts they have passed over, at least 
so far as regards the pine component of the forest. Applying their 
method to the forest everywhere in the region covered b}^ this statement 
and including all species of trees fit to manufacture into lumber, I 
estimate as indicated in the table below, the estimates as reached hj 
Michigan practice being multiplied by the factors given: 

Factor. 

Yellow pine .1 . 35 

Sugar pine 1 . 02 

White pine 1 . 0.'J 

Red fir j 2. 

White fir 3. 70 

Noble fir 1 . 04 

Incense cedar 1 . 001 

Alpine hemlock 1 . 002 

Western hemlock 1. 001 

Engelmann spruce 1.1 

Applying these factors to our Michigan practice estimates we obtain 
results as follows: 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine 12, 794, 652, 540 

Sugar pine 830, 180, 142 

White pine 134, 384, 615 

Red fir 13, 276, 529, 600 

White fir 4, 497, 446, 200 

Noble fir , 921, 257, 376 

Incense cedar 91, 484, 993 

Alpine hemlock 610, 839, 039 

Western hemlock 46, 764, 918 

Engelmann spruce 79, 166, 340 

Total 33, 282, 705, 763 

These totals would then represent the ultimate quantity of mill 
timber the region would yield if logged to its utmost capacity. But 
no one here estimates timber that way, nor do the sawmills ever cut 
so close unless there be exceptional circumstances making such a prac- 
tice compulsor^^ The estimates here named "Michigan practice" are 
on the basis of a fair, judicious use of the forest. 

No attempt has been made to estimate the forest in cubic feet. All 
such estimates would be the merest guesswork. In a calculation of 
that sort would naturally enter the immense quantities of small growth 
lodgepole pine and alpine hemlock that occur on the summit and on 
the eastern slopes of the Cascades. To estimate the cubic contents of 
the forest in the region covered by me during the past summer would 
require at least ten years, provided a reasonable degree of accuracy 
was demanded. 

21 GEOL, PT 5 32 



498 FOEEST RESEKVES. 

The factors employed in estimating per '' cutting practice" depend 
chiefly upon the relative proportion that the crown of the tree bears 
to the trunk; that is to say, upon that portion of the crown which is 
not too branch}^ or knotty when trimmed up to be absolutely unavail- 
able for mill use. There is in this respect a good deal of diflerence 
between the timber on the west and east sides of the Cascades. The 
western side grows much longer timber, all through, than does the 
eastern. The factors are compiled to represent a general average. 



in.ATE I.XXl 
TWENTY- FIRST ANNUAL REFOK '' 
LAND CLASSIFICATION AJ^D DF". 

OF STANPINO TlKT-.i-" 



OREGON 
ASKLAND QUADRANGLE 




:GEr 



hantab 

.)to25,C 

per t 




(licuitab 
OtooQO 
per? 




)etbre steel 
ireas cover 
5ro^vtl\ thi^o 
'ciuses. 



t)o forested 
lax-eas eovei 
IgrowQi as I 
/forest fii^e 



PLATE LXXII 

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V 

LAND CLASSIFICATION AND DEN.JI : v 

OF STANDING TIMBER 




LEGEND 




fas non -forested as 
irshes , meadows 
1 agricultural lands 



rchantable timber 
£ than 2000 feet B.M. 
j per acre 




chantable timber 
j3 to 5,000 feet B.K 
per acre 



^hanttible tin\ber 
I to 10,000 feet B.M. 
per acre 



(hantable timber 
p to 25,000 feetB.M. 
per acre 



Ls earr>-in^ chieflj 
ill growths 



